Module 2 Flashcards
the year of invention of paper is often given as
AD 105
eunuch of the Imperial Court of China, officially reported the invention of paper making to the Emperor.
Ts’ai Lun
The original raw materials for the manufacture of paper were
rags and cloth
was used because the trees, which were the food source for silkworms, were plentiful in China and because the bark was porous and easy to break up.
Mulberry tree bark
For centuries, the demand for paper was quite limited, mainly because:
(1) writing was the only use for paper,
(2) there were no printing presses,
(3) few people could read or write, and
(4) the primary raw material for papermaking was rags
when Johannes Gutenberg invented the
1500, printing press
The increased demand for paper could not be satisfied economically by the single sheet-batch production process. There was a need for continuous processes for faster production. Two processes, ______, were developed in France and England during the _____.
(1) the Fourdrinier process and (2) the cylinder process
late 1700s and the early 1800s.
In 1799, a machine system for making paper was invented by a Frenchman named _____.
Nicholas L. Robert
patented the first “cylinder or mould machine’ which consisted of a wire-covered cylinder revolving in a vat filled with pulp
In 1809, John Dickinson
the biggest pulp producer
Canada
biggest market for the pulp
United States
makes the best paper for packaging purposes
Softwood
used to make stiffer paper
Hardwood
Hardwood length
1/16 “ long fibers
Softwood length
3/16 “ long fibers
A ream of paper is how many square feet of paper
3,000
is the weight in pounds of a ream
basis weight (BW)
Paper is generally less than ______ in thickness.
10 points
is the direction of the grain of the fibers
machine direction
is the direction perpendicular to the machine direction.
Cross Direction or Cross Grain
is the property of a surface that causes light to reflect specularly (like a mirror).
Gloss
is the property of a sheet that describes the resistance to light transmission.
Opacity
is the process of separating wood or other fibers and then assembling the fibers into a mat, which is dried, pressed, trimmed, and rolled up
Paper manufacturing
produces ground wood pulp by pressing the logs lengthwise against a large cylindrical grindstone while water is sprayed over the surface of the stone to carry away the fibers and cool the stone.
Mechanical Pulping
large cylindrical or spherical pressure vessels
digesters
starts with wood chips about the size of a 25 cent coin and produces pulp by cooking the wood with chemicals in large cylindrical or spherical pressure vessels
Chemical Pulping
There are three chemical processes in Chemical Pulping
The soda process
The sulfate process
The sulfite process
generally used to produce pulp from hardwoods
The soda process
uses caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and soda ash (sodium carbonate) to dissolve the undesirable wood constituents
The soda process
also called the Kraft process, works with both hardwoods and softwoods.
The sulfate process
produces the strongest paper products.
The sulfate process
The process has limited application, being used on only about 1 percent of all pulp.
The sulfite process
is produced by a combination of mechanical and chemical processes.
Semichemical Pulping
is used to manufacture paper and some forms of paperboard.
The Fourdrinier Process
improves the printability of the paper and the effectiveness of adhesives applied to the paper.
Sizing
which are generally bleached to give a clean white appearance, are typically used in applications involving writing or printing.
Fine papers
“kraft” comes from the German word for
strong
is made from at least 80 percent wood pulp.
Kraft paper
It is also called glazed greaseproof paper.
Glassine
is a thin, transparent, flexible paper that was invented in the early 1900s in France.
Cellophane
is paperboard used to manufacture corrugated board.
Containerboard
is paperboard that is used to manufacture folding cartons.
Boxboard
is the single highest value sector of the entire packaging material industry
Corrugated board manufacturing
Containerboard includes: linerboard (__ percent) and medium (__ percent)
70, 30
Corrugated board was first used in
Victorian England
Corrugated board is manufactured on a large machine called a
corrugator
The most common corrugated medium is
semichemical unbleached 26 lb. kraft.
The mostcommon material for liners is
42 lb. kraft
Liner board is usually natural kraft, used to make the generic
“brown boxes.”
is a single layer of corrugated paperboard without liners.
Unfaced corrugated
is a combination of one fluted corrugating medium glued to one flat facing of linerboard.
Single face corrugated
also called double face corrugated
Single wall corrugated
is a combination of one corrugated medium and two flat facings of linerboard, with one linerboard glued to each side of the corrugated medium.
Single wall corrugated
is a combination of two corrugated medium layers and three flat facings of linerboard, assembled in the following order: linerboard, medium, linerboard, medium, linerboard.
Double wall corrugated
is a combination of three corrugated medium layers and four flat facings of linerboard, assembled in the following order: linerboard, medium, linerboard, medium,linerboard, medium, linerboard.
Triple wall corrugated
has 33+/-3 flutes (corrugations) per foot
A-flute
has 47+/-3 flutes per foot.
B-flute
has 39+/-3 flutes per foot
C-flute
has 90+/-4 flutes per foot.
E-flute
has 128+/-4 flutes per foot.
F-flute
which is a new board style that has fewer flutes per inch and is thicker than A-flute
K-flute
is made of single wall, double wall, or triple wall corrugated board.
Box
is made of a single sheet of paperboard.
Carton
is the most common corrugated box style.
regular slotted container (RSC)
has flaps of the same length, but the outer flaps overlap by 1 inch or more
overlap slotted container (OSC)
has all flaps of same length, but the outer flaps come within 1 inch of full overlap.
full overlap slotted container (FOL)
has flaps cut to different lengths so that both the inner and outer flaps meet at the center of the box.
center special slotted container (CSSC)
The first product sold in a paperboard carton was
Uneeda Biscuit, marketed by the National Biscuit Company.
is actually one of the biggest factors causing the boost in paper consumption.
Electronic communication
are added to the pulp to make high-quality stationery and other specialty papers.
Rags
Involves calendering between highly polished rolls that produce a similar smooth finish on both sides of the sheet.
Machine finishing
produces a smooth side and a rough back side
Machine-glazing
are a special group of fine packaging papers
Tissue papers
is made by soaking the wood fibers in sulfuric acid. This treatment causes the cellulosic fibers to swell and close up their pores.
Vegetable parchment
is generally thicker and heavier than paper.
Paperboard
Although there is no strict definition, paperboard is generally thicker than
0.010 in
The glue used to manufacture the corrugated board is based on
starch
One drawback to the use of starch-based adhesives
they are attractive to insects
