Module 5 Flashcards
Refers to values which patient results are compared to
Reference range
The resting metabolic state of the body early in the morning after fasting for approximately 12 hours
Basal state
RBC and WBC values – normally ___ among newborns than in adults
Higher
Kidney functions ___ with age
Decrease
Test results for some blood analytes show significant variation at ___ elevations compared with results at ___
Higher; sea level
3 analytes which increases with high altitude
- RBC count
- Hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels
- Uric acid
Analytes that decrease with high altitude
- Urinary creatinine
- Plasma renin
Dehydration may happen with persistent vomiting or diarrhea, which causes ___
Hemoconcentration
Condition in which blood components that cannot easily leave the bloodstream become concentrated in the smaller plasma volume
Hemoconcentration
Analytes that increase during dehydration
- RBC
- Enzyme
- Iron
- Calcium
- Sodium
- Coagulation factors (clotting factors)
Dehydrated patients may not accurately reflect the patient’s ___ status
Normal
It is often difficult to obtain ___ specimens from dehydrated patients
Blood
T of F
Diet can alter blood analyte
True
Fasting: Strictly no ingestion of food approximately ___
8-12 hours overnight
- Fasting beyond 12 hours
- Can cause serious health problems
Overfasting
T or F
Patients who fasted beyond 12 hours can be accepted for testing that requires fasting
False
May be elevated in patients on high-protein diets
Ammonia, urea, and uric acid levels
Increases with the consumption of beverages containing caffeine
Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels
Increase dramatically with the ingestion of carbohydrates
Glucose (blood sugar) levels
Glucose levels return to normal within ___ (time) if the patient has normal glucose metabolism
2 hours
Eating carbohydrates can also increase ___ levels
Insulin
Can decrease by drinking excessive amounts of water and other fluids
Hemoglobin
- Abnormally increased blood lipid content
- Appear milky (cloudy white) or turbid
Lipemia
Increase with ingestion of foods such as butter or margarine, etc.
Lipid levels
Lipemia can be present for up to ___
12 hours
Accurate testing of triglycerides requires a
___ (time) fast
12-hour
Increased by chronic consumption or recent ingestion of large amounts of alcohol, which can also cause hypoglycemia
Triglycerides, certain liver enzymes, and other liver function analytes
Effects of long-term starvation: Increased levels
- Creatinine
- Ketone
- Uric acid
Effects of long-term starvation: Decreased levels
- Cholesterol
- Triglycerides
- Urea
Drugs that interfere with BLOOD TESTS should be stopped or avoided ___ prior to obtaining blood samples for testing
4 to 24 hours
Drugs that interfere with the URINE TESTS should be avoided for ___ prior to the urine sample collection
48 to 72 hours
Elevated bilirubin which causes yellow skin
Jaundice
Jaundice is also known as
Icterus
From supine to an upright sitting or standing position causes decreases plasma volume in an adult up to ___
10 %
RBC count may increase approximately ___ in a standing position
15 minutes
Lipid profiles should be collected in a consistent manner after the patient
has been either lying down or sitting quietly for a minimum of ___
5 minutes
Extensive sweating without fluid
replacement can cause ___
Hematoconcentration
- Swelling caused by the abnormal
accumulation of fluid in the tissues - IV infiltrates the surrounding tissues
Edema
Swelling or mass of blood that can be caused by blood leaking from a blood vessel during a venipuncture
Hematoma
Arterial line is most commonly placed in a ___
Radial artery
- Permanent surgical connection of an artery and vein by direct infusion
- Dialysis
Arteriovenous shunt, fistula, or grant
A catheter or cannula connected to a stopcock or a cap with a diaphragm
provides access for administering medication or drawing blood
Heparin or Saline lock
Often placed in a vein in the lower
arm above the wrist and can be left in place for up to 48 hours
Heparin or Saline lock
Blood specimens should not be collected from a known previous IV site within ___ of the time
the IV was discontinued
24 to 48 hours
A central vascular access device (CVAD) is also called an ___
Indwelling line
Having a ___ is practical for patients who need IV access for an extended time and is especially beneficial for patients who do not have easily accessible vein
CVAD
3 types of CVAD
- CVC or central venous line
- Implanted port
- PICC
Line inserted into a large vein such as the subclavian and advanced into the superior vena cava, proximal to the right atrium
CVC or central venous line
Small chamber attached to an indwelling line that is surgically implanted under the skin and most commonly located in the upper chest or arm
Implanted port
Device is located by palpating the skin and accessed by inserting a special needle through the skin into the self-sealing septum (wall) of
the chamber
Implanted port
line inserted into the peripheral venous system and threaded into the central venous system
PICC
