Module 4.1.2 (Management of Epilepsy) Flashcards
What are some non-pharmacological treatment options for epilepsy?
Lifestyle medications
- Avoid stress, sleep deprivation, triggers
Seek and try to remove precipitants
- Medication, alcohol
Counselling
- Complianece with medications
- Benefits of treatment
When is pharmacological treatment started in epilepsy? What factors to consider after first and after second seizure?
Start antiepileptic treatment when the impact of further seizures outweighs the risks of treatment
After first seizure
- Factors to consider when deciding to treat include:
> symptomatology (previous seizures may have been unrecognised, eg in complex focal (partial) seizures)
> signs (an abnormal EEG or neurological abnormalities may indicate an increased risk of recurrence)
> seizure type or epilepsy syndrome (some are more likely to be recurrent, eg focal (partial) seizures, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy)
> seizure severity
> age (elderly people are at higher risk of recurrence)
> the person’s wishes.
After second seizure
- Treatment is usually indicated when 2 or more seizures have occurred within 6–12 months (about 80% of people will have recurrent seizures after 2 seizures), except when there is a clear avoidable precipitant or with some types of seizures (eg benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes).
What are lowest reccurent rates for a seizure associated with?
Associated with a normal EEG and no identifiable cause for seizures or when there is a clear avoidable precipitant (eg sleep deprivation, drugs)
What are the anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) used?
Barbiturates
- Phenobarbital, primidone
BZDs
- Clobazam, clonazepam, diazepam, midazolam
Acetazolamide n
Brivaracetam, levetiracetam n
Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine n
Ethosuxamide n
Gabapentin, pregabalin n
Lacosamide n
Lamotrigine n
Perampanel n
Phenytoin n
Sulthiame n
Tiagabine n
Topiramate n
Valproate n
Vigabatrin n
Zonisamide
What are the goals of pharmacological management?
- Prevent seizures
- Minimise effects on cognitive function and development
- Minimise side effects
> Monotherapy preferable to polytherapy
> Non-sedating preferable to sedating anticonvulsants
What does drug selection depend on?
- Accurate diagnosis and classification of seizure type
- Efficacy and toxicity of each drug
- Potential for drug interactions
- Patient preference
- Age of patient
- Childbearing potential
- Co-morbidities
- Formulations avaliable
How to start pharmacological treatment? What to do if first line medication cant be used?
1. Start with ONE first-line medication only
> Increase the dose gradually (esp carbamazepine and lamotrigine)
> Can start phenytoin at target dose (can also use loading dose)
> treatment failure, then check compliance (TDM) and dose
> ~50% symptom free with manageable AE’s with 1st AED
2. Replace with an alternate first-line or second line drug if
- Maximal tolerated dose of above medication does not give control
- Side effects from the above medication
- Cross-taper (introduce 2nd drug gradually; once maintenance dose is established, first drug should be tapered down and withdrawn
> consider fitness to drive
If unsure whether seizure is generalised or focal, what to use?
> If unsure consider drugs that are effective in both focal and generalised = sodium valproate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate
What is the third option for treatment if previous 2 options failed?
Polytherapy (>1 drug) only if above
- Combined drugs with different modes of action
- Reconsider dx if still not successful
What are some factors affecting AED choice?
Efficacy in treating syndrome
Certainty of syndrome diagnosis
> If unsure consider drugs that are effective in both focal and generalised = sodium valproate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate
Pregnancy
> avoid sodium valporate is possible
Adverse effects
- Impaired cognition (phenobarb and topiramate worsen)
- Body weight changes (valproate and pregabalin↑, topiramate↓)
- Cosmetic changes
phenytoin –> hirsutism, coarsened facial features, gingival hyperplasia,
valproate –> hair loss
- Hypersensitivity (pts of some Asian origins –> increased risk of severe skin reactions with carbamazepine and phenytoin)
Age (valproate hepatotoxicity ↑likely in infants)
Cost
Ease of use
Need for TDM
Pharmacokinetics
Drug interactions (eg with COC or warfarin)
Time to achieve therapeutic dose
> Phenytoin can be started at therapeutic dose
> Lamotrigine, perampanel and topiramate need to be started slowly
Preparations available (IV, liquid, scored tab etc)
What to use for focal seziure?
Carbamezapine
What to use for generalized seizure or if unsure?
Sodium valproate
What is first line for:
A) focal (partial) seizures?
B) generalised tonic-clonic seziures
C) absence seizures
D) myoclonic seizures
E) infantile spasms
A)
Carbamazepine
B)
Valproate
C)
Valproate or ethosuximide
D)
Valproate
E)
Prednisolone, tetracosactide
What is second line for:
A) focal (partial) seizures?
B) generalised tonic-clonic seziures
C) absence seizures
D) myoclonic seizures
E) infantile spasms
What are some adverse reactions associated with AED’s? What to monitor for?
Serious adverse reactions usually occur suddenly
- Hepatic failure with valproate
- Agranulocytosis with carbamazepine
- Baseline blood tests but no evidence routine monitoring helps px
Serious skin reactions – SJS, TENS, DRESS –> lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone
- Pharmacogenetics – genes with predisposition to cutaneous reactions
- HLA-B*1502 allele – check in Asian pts (not Japanese)
> Before starting carbamazepine
> May also have increased risk SJS/TEN with lamotrigine and phenytoin
> Be aware of potential for cross-reactivity for skin AE’s
Vitamin D
- Monitor 25(OH)D in patients on long-term AED’s
> Esp if on enzyme inducers
> Risk factors for osteoporosis (↓BMD)
> High falls risk
Dizziness, drowsiness and diplopia common adverse effects
association between some antiepileptics and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviour –> benefits will usually outweigh the risks in epilepsy
For phenobarbital, primidone (barbiturates)
A) Precautions
B) watch for
A)
- Hypersensitivity syndrome with carbamazepine, phenytoin or phenobarbital—avoid use
- Allergy or rash with other antiepileptics—may increase risk of rash with phenobarbital or primidone.
- Respiratory disease—risk of respiratory depression (esp if IV)
B)
- Drowsiness
- Tolerance
> Withdraw treatment very slowly
- Drug interactions
- Vitamin D and Ca
- Very toxic in overdose
TDM: 10-40 mg/L
Contains ethanol 10% = be careful in children on oral liquid
For clobazam, clonazepam, diazepam, midazolam (BZD)
A) indications
B) why not suitable for long term tx
A)
- Acute treatment of seizures and status epilepticus
- Adjunctive treatment of refractory epilepsy
B)
- sedation
- tolerance –> withdraw treatment very slowly
What is Acetazolamide used for? AE?
Used in menstrual related epilepsy
AE’s – paraesthesia, metallic taste, black faeces, ↓K, ↓Na, SJS, blood dyscrasias
What is Brivaracetam, levetiracetam associated with?
Levetiracetam associated with behavioural AE’s (depression, emotional lability, hostility, aggression, agitation and anxiety)
- SJS, TENS, multi-organ sensitivity (rare)
For carbamazepine, oxcarbazepinem: explain in detail about hypersensitivity and skin reactions. TDM?
AE of carbamazepine
Cross-sensitivity with phenytoin and phenobarbitone
- HLA-B*1502 allele – significantly increases risk
- HLA-A*3101 allele – may increase risk
- May also occur as part of multi-organ hypersensitivity (DRESS)
- Blood dyscrasias – check FBC, ↓ Na
Enzyme inducer (and autoinduction)
- BMD, Vitamin D and Calcium
> TDM = 4-12mg/L Css trough level
Oxcarbazine – fewer CNS AE’s and fewer DI’s (watch ↓Na)
AE of Ethosuxamide
GI upset and weight loss n
SJS, multi-organ hypersensitivity and blood dyscrasias (rare)
Gabapentin and pregabalin for epilepsy?
Not used often for epilepsy
Renally cleared
What can lacosamide cause?
Can cause bradycardia and AV block.
SJS, multi-organ hypersensitivity (rare)
AE of lamotrigine? When is there increased risk of AE?
Risk of severe skin reactions – eg SJS
- Increased risk with rapid dose escalation, combination with valproate (use lower doses with valproate)
- If treatment interrupted and restarted may need to re-do dose titration
- Stop immediately if rash occurs
What cuation with perampanel?
Caution if substance misuse – can –> euphoria
- Can cause serious psychiatric adverse effects (including homicidal ideation)
AE of phenytoin? What is the issue with enteral feeds? Why may IV phenytoin be preferred?
AE
- Cross –reactivity with phenobarb and carbamazepine hypersensitivity syndrome
- Asian ancestry – increased risk of skin reactions
- IV – risk of ventricular arrhythmias and purple glove syndrome
- Blood dyscrasias, SJS, TENS
- Coarsened faces, hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia
- TDM available
Enteral feeds
- Can significantly ↓ phenytoin absorption
- Stop feed 2 hours before and after and flush well
IV phenytoin may be preferred
> Slow IV with inline filter (risk of precipitation)
> BP, ECG, respiratory monitoring
Dose equivalence of phenytoin?
Check level and adjust dose if converting from phenytoin to phenytoin sodium product
- Dose equivalence -100 mg phenytoin sodium ~ 92 mg phenytoin
> Capsules and injection contain phenytoin sodium
> Tablets and oral liquid contain phenytoin.
What are some AEs of sulthiame?
AE’s – hyperventilation, dyspnoea, psych adverse effects, paraesthesia
> carbonic anyhdrase inhibitor
What happens when dose is increased for Tigabine?
Can cause NCSE on dose increase
- Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus (NCSE)
What are some AE of topiramate?
- Psychiatric AE’s (emotional lability, agitation, suicidal ideation)
- Decreased sweating and hyperthermia –keep up fluids
- Metabolic acidosis (↓HCO3) – monitor
- Kidney stones
- Acute myopia with secondary acute angle-closure crisis
- Weight loss