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Biology > Module 4.1 - Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Module 4.1 - Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of tuberculosis

A

Affects many parts of the body
Kills cells and tissues
Lungs are most often affected

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2
Q

Characteristics of ring rot (plants)

A

Ring of decay in the vascular tissue (xylem/phloem) of a potato tuber or tomato
Leaf wilting

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3
Q

Organism that causes athlete’s foot

A

Fungus

Trichophyton rubrum

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5
Q

Characteristics of HIV/AIDS

A

Attacks cells in the immune system

Compromises the immune system

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6
Q

Characteristics of influenza

A

Attacks respiratory system

Causes muscle pains and headaches

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7
Q

Organism that causes tobacco mosaic virus

A

Virus

Tobacco mosaic virus

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9
Q

Organism that causes blight (tomatoes and potatoes)

A

Protoctistan

Phytophthora infestans

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10
Q

Characteristics of black Sigatoka (bananas)

A

Causes leaf spots on banana plants reducing yield

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11
Q

Organism that causes ringworm (cattle)

A

Fungus

Trichophyton verrucosum

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13
Q

Characteristics of blight (tomatoes and potatoes)

A

Affects both leaves and potato tubers

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15
Q

Organism that causes bacterial meningitis

A

Bacteria
Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumonia

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17
Q

Characteristics of athlete’s foot

A

Fungus growth under skin of feet, particularly between the toes

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18
Q

Characteristics of malaria

A

Parasite in the blood that causes headache and fever

May progress to coma and death

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19
Q

Organism that causes tuberculosis

A

Bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
M. bovis

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20
Q

Organism that causes ring rot (in plants)

A 
Bacterium
Clavibacter michiganensis (subspecies of sepedonicus)
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21
Q

Organism that causes HIV/AIDS

A

Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus

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22
Q

Organism that causes malaria

A 
Protoctistan
Plasmodium falciparum
P. vivax 
P. ovale 
P. malariae
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24
Q

Organism that causes black Sigatoka (in bananas)

A

Fungus

Mycosphaerella fijiensis

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25
Q

Organism that causes influenza

A

Virus

From family Orthomyxoviridae - ‘flu’ viruses

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28
Q

Characteristics of ringworm (cattle)

A

Growth of fungus in skin with spore cases erupting through skin to cause a rash

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37
Q

Characteristics of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Causes mottling and discolouration of leaves

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38
Q

Characteristics of bacterial meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges - membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Membranes become swollen and may cause damage to the brain and nerves

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39
Q

Types of pathogen

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protoctist

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40
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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41
Q

Define communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread between people

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42
Q

Main points about bacteria

A

Prokaryotic (smaller than eukaryotes)
Reproduce rapidly
Damage cells through release of toxins

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43
Q

Main points about fungi

A

Often live in skin
Hyphae form mycelium
Reproductive hyphae grow into skin and release spores (redness to skin)
In plants, lives in vascular tissue to gain nutrients
Hyphae release extracellular digestive enzymes to break down cellulose, decaying the plant

44
Q

Main points about protoctista

A

Enters host and feeds on contests of the cell

Malaria parasite Plasmodium has immature forms which feed on haemoglobin

45
Q

Main points about viruses

A

Invade cells and take over genetic machinery and other organelles
Causes the cell to make more copies of the virus
Host cell ruptures, releasing new invading viruses

46
Q

Life cycle of a pathogen

A

Transmission (travel from one host to another)
Enters host’s tissues
Reproduces
Leaves host’s tissues

47
Q

Direct transmission of pathogens in animals

A

Direct physical contact
Faecal-oral
Droplet infection
Spores

48
Q

Points about direct physical contact

A

Touching contaminated person or surface
E.g. HIV, bacterial meningitis, ringworm, athlete’s foot
Factors affecting transmission: hygiene (wash hands regularly); keep surfaces clean (door handles); clean and disinfect cuts; sterilise surgical instruments; wear a condom during sex

49
Q

Points about faecal-oral transmission

A

Eating/drinking contaminated food/water
E.g. cholera, food poisoning
Factors affecting transmission: treatment of waste and drinking water; wash fresh food with treated water; careful preparation and cooking of food

50
Q

Points about droplet infection

A

Pathogen is carried in water droplets in the air
E.g. tuberculosis, influenza
Factors affecting transmission: ‘catch it - bin it - kill it’; cover mouth when coughing or sneezing; use a tissue and dispose of it correctly

51
Q

Points about spores

A

Resistant stage of pathogen
Carried in air or sit on surfaces or in soil
E.g. anthrax, tetanus
Factors affecting transmission: use of a mask; wash skin after contact with soil

52
Q

Define vector

A

Another organism that may be used by the pathogen to gain entry to the primary host
E.g. Plasmodium parasite enters human via bite from a female Anopheles mosquito; Dutch elm disease via a beetle

53
Q

Transmission of malaria cycle

A 
Person has malaria
Gametes of Plasmodium in blood
Female Anopheles mosquito sucks blood
Plasmodium develops and migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands
Uninflected person is bitten
Plasmodium migrates to liver
Plasmodium migrates to blood
Person has malaria, cycle starts again
54
Q

Social factors that affect transmission in animals

A

Overcrowding
Poor ventilation
Poor health (more likely to contract other diseases with HIV/AIDS)
Poor diet
Homelessness
Living/working with people who have migrated from areas where a disease is more common

55
Q

Direct transmission of pathogens in plants

A

In soil infect plants by entering roots (especially if damaged by replanting, burrowing animals or movement caused by a storm)
Fungi produce spores for sexual or asexual reproduction and these may be carried in the wind - airborne transmission
Pathogens infect vascular tissue
Pathogens in leaves are distributed when leaves are shed and carry the pathogen back to the soil where it can grow and infect another plant
Pathogens can enter fruit and seeds and then be distributed with the seeds so many/all offspring are infected

56
Q

Indirect transmission of pathogens in plants

A

Insect attack (insect acts as a vector): spores/bacteria attach to burrowing insect which attacks an infected plant; when that beetle attacks another plant, the pathogen is transmitted to un infected plant

57
Q

Effects of climate on disease

A

Protoctists, bacteria and fungi grow/reproduce faster in warm and moist conditions
More common in warmer climates
Greater variety of diseases in warmer climates

58
Q

Define primary defences

A

Prevent pathogens from entering the body/blood

59
Q

Define non-specific defences

A

Trap/kill any kind of pathogen

60
Q

Points about expulsive reflexes

A

E.g. coughing, sneezing, vomiting

Irritation from microbes/toxins causes expulsion which carries the microbes with it

61
Q

Process of inflammation

A

Microbes detected by mast cells which release histamine
Histamine causes vasodilation which makes capillaries more permeable so more white blood cells can leave
More tissue fluid forms as more plasma leaves
This causes swelling (oedema)
Tissue fluid can drain into lymph vessels so pathogens may come into contact with lymphocytes and cause a specific immune response

62
Q

Points about mucous membranes

A

Primary non-specific defence
At exchange surfaces, the diffusion distances into the blood are small so they are more susceptible to infection from pathogens
Mucous membranes coat these surfaces
Goblet cells produce and secrete mucus in the airways
Cilia waft the mucus to the back of the throat so it can be removes by the body

63
Q

Process of blood clotting and skin repair

A

Damage to a blood vessel - platelets bind to exposed collagen to form a temporary platelet plug
Platelets also release clotting factors which activate an enzyme cascade
Enzymes cause fibrinogen to form insoluble fibres which attach to the plug
Red blood cells are also trapped, forming a clot
Clot dries and forms a scab which ills the skin closer together
Under the skin collagen is deposited
Stem cells in epidermis divide by mitosis and differentiate to form new skin cells at the edge of the cut
New blood vessels form
When edges of the cut are drawn together the repair is complete

64
Q

What are secondary defences?

A

They combat pathogens that have already entered the body

65
Q

Define antigen

A

Protein or glycoprotein belonging to the plasma membrane that is specific to the organism

66
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Antigen-presenting cells

67
Q

Main points about neutrophils

A

Most common phagocytes
Multi-lobed nucleus
Produced in bone marrow
Travel in blood, often squeeze out of blood into tissue fluid
Short-lived but released in large numbers
Contain lots of lysosomes
Engulf and digest pathogens
Usually die soon after digesting a pathogen
Dead neutrophils may collect in an area of infection to form pus

68
Q

Process of engulf and digestion that neutrophils undergo

A

Neutrophil binds to opsonin attached to antigen of pathogen
Pathogen is engulfed by endocytosis to form a phagosome
Lysosomes fuse to the phagosome and release lytic enzymes into it
After digestion, the harmless products can be absorbed into the cell

69
Q

Main points about macrophages

A

Larger cells produced in bone marrow
Travel in blood as monocytes (largest white blood cells with a kidney-shaped nucleus) before settling in body tissues
Monocytes found in lymph nodes where they mature into macrophages
Dendritic cells (type of macrophage) usually found in more peripheral tissues
Initiate specific responses to invading pathogens
Doesn’t fully digest after engulfing a pathogen: antigen from pathogen is saved and moved to special protein complex on cell surface so it becomes an antigen-presenting cell

70
Q

Main points about antigen-presenting cells

A

Isolates antigen from pathogen and places it on plasma membrane so it can be recognised by other cells in the immune system
Special protein complex ensures antigen-presenting cell is not mistaken for a foreign cell and attacked by other phagocytes
Moves around the body to come into contact with T and B lymphocytes to activate the full immune response
Role is to increase chance of antigen coming into contact with lymphocytes

71
Q

Key features of phagocytes

A

Receptor on plasma membrane

Lysosomes (vesicles containing lytic enzymes)

72
Q

Describe the specific immune response

A

The antigen can be detected by lymphocytes from an antigen-presenting cell, an infected somatic cell, or the pathogen in bodily fluids
B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus
Clonal selection (the selection of the correct lymphocytes with receptors complementary in shape to the antigens) occurs
Clonal expansion (more of these lymphocytes are needed to fight the pathogen so they divide by mitosis) occurs

73
Q

T helper cells

A

Release cytokines with specific shapes which bind to complementary receptors on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes, stimulating them to divide by mitosis and differentiate
Also stimulate macrophages to carry out more phagocytosis

74
Q

T killer cells

A

Search for and kill infected host cells by secreting protease enzymes into them

75
Q

T memory cells

A

Stay in the blood in case there is a second invasion by the same pathogen
Allow a faster secondary response because they recognise the antigen and can make clones and change to form new T cells more quickly than the primary response

76
Q

T regulator cells

A

Shut down the immune response once the pathogen has been removed

77
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce and secrete antibodies which are complementary in shape to the antigen

78
Q

B memory cells

A

Stay in the blood in case there is a second invasion by the same pathogen
Allow a faster secondary response because they recognise the antigen and can make clones and change to form new plasma cells and so antibodies are made more quickly than in the primary response

79
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Hormone-like chemicals that stimulate differentiation and activity of macrophages, B cells and T cells

80
Q

Another name for T lymphocytes in specific immune response?

A

Cell-mediated immune response

81
Q

Another name for B lymphocytes in specific immune response?

A

Humoral response

82
Q

Main points about antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins - complex proteins produced by plasma cells in the immune system
Made up of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Disulphide bridges hold polypeptides together
Hinge region allows flexibility so molecule can grip more than one antigen
Variable region is complementary in shape to antigen

83
Q

Main points about agglutinins

A

‘Crosslink’ pathogens by binding an antigen on one pathogen with one binding site and then an antigen on another pathogen with its other binding site so the pathogens clump together
Agglutinated pathogens cant carry out some functions (e.g. entering host cells)
Readily engulfed by phagocytes
Particularly effective against viruses

Biology (22 decks)

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