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A&PII > Module 4.1 - Anatomy of Heart and Vessels > Flashcards

Module 4.1 - Anatomy of Heart and Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What requirements for cells are met by the circulatory system?

A

oxygen/nutrient supply and waste removal

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system study?

A

the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

to transport gas, nutrients, waste throughout the body; to prevent blood loss; and fights invasion of foreign pathogens

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4
Q

How does the cardiovascular system prevent blood loss?

A

using clotting mechanisms to repair ruptured vessels

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5
Q

What does cardio and vascular mean mean?

A

heart and vessels

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6
Q

Shape and location of heart.

A

fist-sized, cone-shaped musclular organ located in the pericardial cavity in the anterior portion of the mediastinum

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7
Q

location of mediastinum

A

in middle of thoracic cavity, separates 2 plueral cavities

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8
Q

pleural cavities location and function

A

located in thoracic cavity at sides of mediastinum, each contain a lung

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9
Q

pericardium

A

thick, tough sac enclosing heart that protects it and anchors it to the diaphragm

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10
Q

describe the inner and outer layers of the pericardium

A

they are covered by a smooth layer of endothelium and between them is special fluid allows heart to slide around with little friction

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11
Q

myocardium

A

layer that contracts, bulk of the heart, composed mainly of cardiac muscle

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12
Q

How are myocardium muscle fibers structured?

A

highly branched and attached by collagen connective tissue fibers, which link all parts of the heart together

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13
Q

endocardium

A

white sheet of endothelium that lines the heart and is continuous with blood vessel linings

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14
Q

septum

A

partition between left and right set of chambers

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15
Q

atria

A

2 upper receiving chambers

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16
Q

ventricles

A

2 lowers sending chambers

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17
Q

What and why is there a difference in structure between the atria and ventricles?

A

The atria are smaller than and not as muscular as the ventricles, which must force the blood through vessels to distant parts of the body.

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18
Q

fossa ovalis

A

shallow depression on the septum separating the atria, marks the opening between atria needed by developing fetus

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19
Q

Why do fetus’ need foramen ovale?

A

so blood can pass between atrium, bypassing the undeveloped lungs, closes during birth so lungs can receive oxygen once baby is born

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20
Q

pulmonary valve

A

controls flow leaving right ventricle into pulmonary trunk

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21
Q

aortic valve

A

controls flow out of left ventricle and into aorta

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22
Q

Why is the aortic valve stronger than pulmonary valve?

A

increased blood pressure is needed to send/pump blood to entire body

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23
Q

mitral valve aka …

A

bicuspid valve, controls flow from left atrium into left ventricle

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24
Q

tricuspid valve

A

controls flow from right atrium into right ventricle

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25
What are the 3 types of blood vessels and their functions?
arteries - send blood away from heart veins - send blood back to heart capillaries - exchange material with tissues
26
arteries
elastic, thick-walled vessels that can expand and contract to accommodate the larger blood volume flowing from the heart at the end of each heartbeat
27
large arteries
expand and recoil to help the heart pump blood through the systemic circulation
28
arterioles
Small arteries, their muscles constrict/dilate by the control of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, which controls blood pressure
29
peripheral resitance
varying blood pressure depending on the external/internal conditions affecting the body, primarily controlled by arterioles
30
veins
thinner-walled vessels that return blood back to heart
31
what do arteries have that veins do not? Why?
palpable pulses. veins do not have pulses because they are under less pressure from the heart
32
veins internal valves
open towards the heart and close at end of heart beat to prevent blood from flowing backwards
33
veins have compliance. What is the significance?
stretch with little recoil. Because of this veins have largest amount of blood in CV system
34
lumen
the opening in the center of a vessel
35
How many layers do arteries and veins have? What are they called?
3 layers: tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima
36
What determines what layer of the vessel is thickest?
its location in the body
37
tunica externa aka …
adventitia. Most superficial layers, helps anchor vessel to surrounding structures
38
tunica media
middle muscular layer with 3 layers of its own. External elastic membrane, smooth muscle layer, and layer of internal elastic membrane
39
tunica intima
innermost layer has 2 layers of its own. Subendothelial tissue layer and layer of endothelium
40
capillaries
narrow tubes formed from branching arterioles
41
capillary beds
formed from interconnected capillaries, perform exchange of materials with cells of the body
42
venules
small veins that collect blood from capillary beds, many join together to form a vein
43
What are the 2 artery systems of the Hearts blood supply and what do they do?
the left and right coronary arteries. Arise from base of aorta and supply heart tissue with oxygen and nutrients
44
location and divisions of left coronary artery
runs toward the left side of the heart and divides into the anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch
45
anterior interventricular branch
supplies blood to both ventricles
46
circumflex branch
supplies the left atrium and left ventricle
47
generally speaking, what location is supplied by the right coronary artery?
the right atrium and ventricle
48
location and divisions of right coronary artery
runs toward the right side of the heart and divides into the posterior interventricular branch, right marginal artery, and atrial artery
49
posterior interventricular artery
on posterior/inferior of heart, supplies to both the posterior ventricles and the interventricular septum
50
right marginal branch
supplies to right ventricle
51
atrial artery
supplies the right atrium and usually supplies blood to the SA nodal artery which supplies blood to the SA node
52
The aortic arch turns …
postriorly and becomes the descending aorta
53
What are the names and locations of 2 descending aorta sections?
thoracic aorta above the diaphragm and the abdominal aorta below the diaphragm
54
inferior vena cava
returns deoxygenated blood to heart from lower body
55
superior vena cava
returns deoxygenated blood to heart from upper body
56
brachiocephalic trunk
first branch off of the aortic arch, supplies blood to right arm and neck
57
what does "brachio" and "cephalic" mean?
brachio means arm and cephalic means neck
58
left subclavian artery
3rd branch off the aortic arch, supplies the left arm
59
right subclavian artery
branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk
60
The subclavian arteries/veins are an example of …
how major arteries/veins often have matching names when running parallel to each other
61
What is another name for the Circle of Willis?
cerebral arterial circle
62
What is the unique feature of the Circle of Willis and why is it so important?
provides alternate circulation in case of arterial blockage. Neurons need continuous supply of oxygen or they will die within minutes
63
vertebral arteries
rise superiorly along both sides of the spinal cord
64
basilar artery
from joined vertebral arteries formed at base of pons
65
posterior cerebral arteries
a left and right each branch off of the basilar artery
66
posterior communicating arteries
connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the internal coratid arteries
67
internal coratid arteries
arise from common coratid arteries coming up through the neck and terminate in the middle cerebral arteries
68
middle cerebral arteries
come off of the internal coratid arteries
69
anterior cerebral arteries
branches off the middle cerebral arteries
70
anterior communicating artery
completes the circle of circulation by connecting the anterior cerebral arteries

A&PII (13 decks)

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