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POPH192 > Module 4: Study Designs > Flashcards

Module 4: Study Designs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the healthy worker effect

A

Working population likely to more healthy than general population

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2
Q

What is ecological fallacy

A

We can’t prescribe the characteristics of the group to the individuals within that group

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3
Q

What is a transient exposure

A

An exposure that only lasts for a short time

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4
Q

What study design would you use to demonstrate a causal association

A

Randomised control trial

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5
Q

What is clinical equipoise

A

genuine uncertainty about benefit or harm of intervention

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6
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution of health related states or events in specified populations. (person, place and time: observational)

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7
Q

What is analytic epidemiology

A

The study of the determinants of health related states or events in specified populations. (associations: exposures and outcomes. Causation, observational or intervention studies)

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8
Q

What are the descriptive study designs

A

Cross sectional and ecological

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9
Q

What is a cross sectional study

A

Measures exposures and/or outcomes at one point in time

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10
Q

What do cross sectional studies measure

A

Prevalence

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11
Q

How is prevalence calculated

A

Number of people with disease at a given point of time / total number of people in the population at that point in time

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12
Q

What is prevalence affected by

A

Incidence and duration

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13
Q

What are cross sectional studies used for

A

Describe prevalence, compare prevalence (repeated CS studies: between groups or over time), to generate hypotheses, to plan

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14
Q

Why is a lack of temporal sequencing a limitation

A

Exposure and outcome happened at the same time, cannot determine which caused the other

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15
Q

What are the limitations of cross sectional studies

A

No temporal sequencing
Not good for rare outcomes and exposures.
Not good for assessing transient or variable exposures, findings dependent on when study is done. Measures prevalence not incidence

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16
Q

What are the strengths of cross sectional studies

A

Assess multiple exposures and outcomes at the same time.
Quick, inexpensive
Generate hypotheses
Describe and compare prevalence, useful for planning

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17
Q

What is the null value for odds ratios

A

1

18
Q

What is the null value for relative risk

A

1

19
Q

What is the null value for risk difference

A

0

20
Q

What are the analytical study designs

A

Cohort, case control, RCT

21
Q

What is the only interventional study

A

RCT

22
Q

What do ecological studies measure

A

Exposures and outcomes across groups. Every data point a population

23
Q

What do cohort studies measure

A

Individuals defined based on basis of presence or absence of an exposure and followed up to see if they develop the outcome

24
Q

What do case control studies measure

A

Ascertain outcome status of individuals and then find out their exposure. Measure exposure using density sampling.

25
Q

What do RCTs measure

A

Participants randomly allocated to groups. Always have a comparison (control) group. Testing effects of treatments/interventions

26
Q

What are the strengths of ecological studies

A

Data often routinely collected and readily available. Easy, inexpensive
Ability to compare between populations
Useful for considering hypotheses
Good for population level exposures

27
Q

What are the strengths of cohort studies

A

Good for studying rare exposures, determine temporal sequence between exposure and outcome, can examine multiple outcomes

28
Q

What are the strengths of case control studies

A

Good for studying rare outcomes, transient exposures, can examine multiple exposures, temporal sequencing

29
Q

What are the strengths of RCTs

A

Best way to evaluate an intervention. Strongest design for demonstrating a causal association
Best way of testing interventions

30
Q

What are the limitations of cross sectional studies

A

No temporal sequencing
Not good for rare outcomes and exposures. Not good for assessing transient or variable exposures, findings dependent on when study is done. Measures prevalence not incidence

31
Q

What are the limitations of ecological studies

A

Ecological fallacy: can’t prescribe the characteristics of the group to individuals within that group. Cannot control for confounding, cannot show causation

32
Q

What are the limitations of cohort studies

A

Loss to follow up can cause bias. Potential for misclassification of exposures and/or outcomes. Not good for rare outcomes. Time consuming, potentially expensive, healthy worker effect may cause bias, potential for participants to have change in exposure. Use existing data that may have been collected for other reasons leading to questionable quality. May not know about all relevant factors, selection bias

33
Q

What are the limitations of case control studies

A

Usually can only study one outcome, difficult to select appropriate controls, susceptible to selection and recall bias

34
Q

What are the limitations of RCTs

A

Loss to follow up can cause bias. Blinding difficult to achieve and may be obvious or cause safety issues. Non adherence can cause bias, ethical issue of harmful or less effective interventions- need clinical equipoise. Resource intensive, exposure need to be modifiable, highly selective which can hinder generalisability, so doesn’t reflect real world.

35
Q

Which two studies use prevalence as their measure of occurrence

A

Cross sectional and ecological

36
Q

Which two studies use incidence as their measure of occurrence

A

Cohort, RCT

37
Q

Which study has no measure of occurrence

A

Case control

38
Q

Case control vs cohort

A

Case control: known outcome, looking for exposure
Cohort: known exposure, looking for outcome

39
Q

Which two studies have no measure of association

A

Cross sectional and ecological

40
Q

Which 2 studies use relative risk as their measure of association

A

Cohort and RCTs

41
Q

Which study uses odds ratio as its measure of association

A

Case control

POPH192 (6 decks)

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