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POPH192 > Module 3: Health in Populations > Flashcards

Module 3: Health in Populations Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence and distribution of health related events, states or processes in specified populations

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2
Q

What is population health

A

The health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.

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3
Q

What is the social gradient of health

A

The relationship between deprivation and poor health (linear). (wealth vs health!)

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4
Q

What defines your socioeconomic status

A

Often income, occupation, or highest level of education

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5
Q

What is NZDep

A

Area based measure of deprivation

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6
Q

What does the demographic transition theory explain

A

Changes in population death and birth rates over time, and hence change in populations over time

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7
Q

What does the epidemiological transition theory explain

A

Changes in population disease patterns over time: communicable and non communicable diseases

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8
Q

When would age standardising be necessary

A

When age structures differ between populations and disease risk varies by age

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9
Q

What part of the public health model is module 3 concerned with

A

Part 1: defining and measuring the problem

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10
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology

A

Distribution

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11
Q

What is analytical epidemiology

A

Determinants

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12
Q

What is population health

A

The health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within the group

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13
Q

Alongside SES, what exterior factor also tends to affect health in NZ

A

Ethnicity (Māori often worse health)

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14
Q

How many people in a block in NZDep

A

100-200

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15
Q

What measures are included in NZDep

A

Income, education/qualification, employment, living conditions, single parent family, internet access, home owning, support, living space/conditions (assessed through census)

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16
Q

How is the population spread amongst the deciles

A

Evenly, even though wealth isn’t evenly spread (~10% of population in each decile)

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17
Q

What are the strengths of NZDep

A

Accessible (look up any address), used for everyone, standard protocol for assessing SES, multiple factors considered

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18
Q

What are the limitations of NZDep

A

Based on population rather than specific to individual, measure of relative poverty/deprivation, algorithm doesn’t include everything related to poverty

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19
Q

What is absolute poverty

A

Income level below which a minimum nutritionally adequate diet plus essential non-food requirements is not affordable. The amount of income a person, family or group needs to purchase an absolute amount of the basic necessities of life

20
Q

What is relative poverty

A

(NZDep) The amount of income a person, family or group needs to purchase a relative amount of basic necessities of life. These basic necessities are identified relative to each society and economy.

21
Q

What are the social determinants of health

A

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life

22
Q

What is the SDH framework

A

Illustrates intersecting driving forces behind health. Many factors outside the scope of healthcare services. Layered model, increasing specificity to individual

23
Q

What are the layers of the SDH framework

A

Age, sex, hereditary factors (things you can’t change), individual lifestyle factors, social and community networks, living and working conditions, general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

24
Q

What is the pattern of historical diseases

A

Communicable diseases decreased, non communicable diseases increased

25
Q

What is the double burden faced by developing countries

A

Still face large burden of communicable diseases, while also struggling with non communicable diseases

26
Q

Why have communicable diseases become less common

A

Better sanitation, vaccination, more accessible clean water, medical treatment, change in diet, more sedentary lifestyles

27
Q

How is the burden of disease measured

A

The gap between a population’s current health status and ideal health status

28
Q

What is mortality

A

Death due to a disease

29
Q

What is morbidity

A

Suffering of a disease

30
Q

What is YLL

A

Years of life lost: gap between age of death and life expectancy. Measure of premature death burden

31
Q

What is YLD

A

Years lived with a disability: length of time spent in ill health before death (measure of non fatal health loss)

32
Q

What is DALY

A

Disability adjusted life years: combines fatal and non fatal health loss (YLL + YLD). 1 DALY = 1 year of life in good health lost

33
Q

What is the demographic transition theory

A
  1. Death rate decreases (increased population)
  2. Birth rate decreases (as people live longer don’t need to have so many kids)
  3. Population size stabilises
34
Q

What are the problems with an ageing population

A

Need more support, strain on healthcare system, can’t work (high dependency ratio)

35
Q

What is the change in age structure over time

A

Triangle to rectangle age distribution: large birth rate, then smaller birth rate

36
Q

What is the compression of morbidity about

A

Aiming to improve life quality over length

37
Q

How is prevalence measured

A

Number of people with condition at a specific time / total number of people in the population at that time

38
Q

What are the limitations of prevalence as a measure of occurrence

A

Influenced by duration, hard to assess disease development

39
Q

What is incidence

A

The occurrence of new cases of an outcome in a population during a specific period of follow up

40
Q

How is incidence proportion calculated

A

Number of people who develop condition / number of at risk people in population at the beginning

41
Q

What are the requirements for a person being at risk

A

Can develop outcome, don’t already have outcome

42
Q

What are the limitations of using incidence as a measure of occurrence

A

Assumes closed population, dependent on time period (longer period = higher incidence)

43
Q

How is incidence rate calculated

A

Number of people who develop condition / total number of person years at risk within population

44
Q

What are the limitations of using incidence rate as a measure of occurrence

A

Difficult to calculate (person time)

45
Q

How are prevalence and incidence related

A

Prevalence = ~incidence * average disease duration

POPH192 (6 decks)

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