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biophysics finals > module 4 set b > Flashcards

module 4 set b Flashcards

1
Q

one of the more common and easy to understand forms of spectroscopy

A

absorption spectroscopy

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2
Q

the light of a specific wavelength is incident through a sample and measure the intensity of light that comes out the other side

A

absorption spectroscopy

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3
Q

it is about measuring the absorbance or how much light does not come through the other side

A

absorption spectroscopy

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4
Q

the absorbance of a given sample depends on three things:

A
  1. intrinsic ability of the molecules in solution to absorb light
  2. the concentration of the molecules in solution
  3. path length of the light as it passes through the sample
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5
Q

a measure that accounts for both concentration and thickness of the sample being studied

A

molar extinction coefficient

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6
Q

graph of the absorbance versus the wavelength or frequency of light

A

absorption spectrum

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7
Q

can be used to identify types of molecules in a sample

A

absorption spectrum

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8
Q

can be also used to measure the concentration of molecules in solution

A

absorption spectroscopy

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9
Q

can be used to follow conformational transitions and ligand binding

A

absorption spectroscopy

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10
Q

measures absorbance across range of temperatures

A

temperature scanning absorption spectroscopy

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11
Q

useful for studying temperature-induced conformational transitions, that is, changes in molecular shape that can be brought about by changes in temperature

A

temperature scanning absorption spectroscopy

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12
Q

electrons drop down their excited state, emitting light in the process

A

fluorescence

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13
Q

true or false:

fluorescence is caused by absorption, although not all absorption results in fluorescence

A

true

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14
Q

can be used to characterize molecules and to measure and follow conformational transitions and ligand binding

A

fluorescence spectroscopy

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15
Q

a small molecule or the specific part of a molecule that is responsible for the fluorescence

A

fluorophore

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16
Q

a technique in which a fluorophore is attached to another process

A

fluorescent tagging

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17
Q

one of the techniques used to determine the sequence of residues in DNA

A

fluorescent tagging

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18
Q

technique uses a genetic tag that produces a stoichiometric ratio of a fluorescent protein reporter and the protein of interest during protein translation

A

protein quantitation ratioing

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19
Q

type of EM spectroscopy that differs from most forms of EM spectroscopy

A

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)

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20
Q

involves interaction of light with the nuclei of atoms in a molecule, whereas most forms of EM spectroscopy involve interaction of light with the electrons in the molecule

A

NMR

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21
Q

can provide much more structural details than other forms of spectroscopy

A

NMR

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22
Q

involves application of a strong magnetic field to the sample being studied

A

NMR

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23
Q

uses EM in the radio frequency portion of the spectrum

A

NMR

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24
Q

works on the basic principle that a spinning charge generates a magnetic field

A

NMR

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25
Q

frequency of what radiation will be proportional to the energy between two spin states

A

EM radiation

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26
Q

true or false

the nuclei that are less shielded by electrons and other atoms will be more exposed to the magnetic field

A

true

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27
Q

a technique in which molecules or parts of molecules are ionized and then passed through a magnetic field

A

mass spectrometry

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28
Q

used both for determining molecular weights and for identifying molecules

A

mass spectrometry

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29
Q

can also reveal information about the structure of molecules

A

mass spectrometry

30
Q

a technique for determining the relative positions of atoms within a crystal

A

xray crystallography

31
Q

an orderly, three-dimensional, repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules

A

crystal

32
Q

this means that conditions can be arranged so the intermolecular forces cause the molecules to line up in an organized, repeating manner

A

many substances can be crystallized

33
Q

provides very precise, high-resolution structural information for molecules in a crystal

A

xray crystallography

34
Q

was used to discover that DNA is a double helix

A

xray crystallography

35
Q

advantage of xray crystallography

A

it provides high resolution of structural detail

36
Q

disadvantage of xray crystallography

A

the molecules must be in crystalline form in order for the technique to work

37
Q

xray cyrstallography operates on the principle of what

A

diffraction

38
Q

occurs when light waves pass through an ordered arrangement of openings and interfere with each other on the other side

A

diffraction

39
Q

the peaks become higher and throughs become lower

A

constructive interference

40
Q

the waves flatten out and lower the intensity of radiation

A

destructive interference

41
Q

the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye

A

microscopy

42
Q

the most powerful light microscopes provide only enough magnification to view objects larger than _________ nm

A

200 nm

43
Q

physicist who experimented with the magnetics lenses for focusing electron beams and realized that it was possible to take advantage of smaller wavelength of electrons to create a imaging device theoretically capable of greater magnification than a light microscope

A

ernst ruska

44
Q

who built the first electron microscope

A

ruska and knoll

45
Q

2 most common types electron microscope

A
  1. transmission electron microscopy (tem)
  2. scanning electron microscopy (sem)
46
Q

similar to light microscopy in that beam passes through a very thinly sliced sample to provide an image on the other side

A

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

47
Q

the image is made by focusing the electro beam onto a view screen coated with some material that fluoresces in response to the incoming electrons

A

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

48
Q

the electron beam is gradually scanned across the surface of the specimen

A

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

49
Q

provides more three dimensional image instead of a cross sectional slice of the specimen

A

scanning electron microscopy

50
Q

provides magnified images similar to those of SEM but with resolution similar to those of TEM

A

atomic force microscopy (AFM)

51
Q

works by moving a mechanical probe across the surface of the object being scanned

A

AFM

52
Q

all are part of the more general class of techniques called

A

scanning probe microscopy (SPM)

53
Q

an instrument that uses focuses laser beams to create piconewton (10^-12N) size forces that can be used to hold and manipulate microscopic particles, even as small as single molecule or atom.

A

optical tweezers

54
Q

the phenomenon of focused laser beams holding a single particle in place in three dimensions is called an

A

optical traps

55
Q

can be used tot hold and manipulate particles anywhere from 0.1nm to 10,000nm in size and have been used to trap single viruses, DNA molecules, bacteria, living cells, and organelles

A

optical tweezers

56
Q

particularly useful for investigating the mechanics of and forces associated with molecular motors

A

optical traps

57
Q

a technique used in electrophysiology to measure and characterize electric currents in cells, particularly in excitable tissue cells such as neurons

A

voltage clamp

58
Q

the value of the voltage that is held constant is called

A

command voltage

59
Q

how is voltage clamp technique held constant

A

through a feedback mechanism

60
Q

what detects event the slightest change in the voltage and immediately pumps current across the membrane through the electrode to keep the voltage at the command voltage

A

feedback mechanism

61
Q

allows us to measure the cell’s electric current under a variety of conditions

A

voltage clamp

62
Q

a technique that the electrode feedback mechanism is used tot keep the current constant while allowing the voltage to vary

A

current clamp

63
Q

an alternative technique for applying the electrode to the cell.

A

patch clamp

64
Q

allows us to investigate the behavior of a single ion channel within the membrane

A

patch clamp

65
Q

measurement of energy changes in form of heat

A

calorimetry

66
Q

instrument designed to measure heat energy

A

calorimeter

67
Q

can be used to determine the amount of energy necessary to unwind a piece of DNA helix

A

calorimetry

68
Q

can be also used to measure the binding strength of various drugs to a particular protein

A

calorimetry

69
Q

useful for measuring the very small amounts of energy associated with many biophysical processes

A

microcalorimeter

70
Q

remember

Patch clamp measures the flow of ions through individual ion channels, voltage clamp maintains a constant membrane potential to record the resulting currents, and current clamp injects current to measure the resulting changes in membrane potential in a neuron.

A

glhf

biophysics finals (3 decks)

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