Module 4 - SET A Flashcards
biophysical techniques provide information about
electronic structure
size
shape
dynamics
polarity
mode of interaction of biological molecules
methods for gaining information about biological systems
biophysical techniques
methods to study the structure, properties, dynamics or function of biomolecules at an atomic or molecular level
biophysical techniques
include experimental and computational methods, approaches, protocols, and tools for biological research
biophysical techniques
involve either the development of novel techniques to investigate the structure, properties, and biological functions of biomolecules or the application of these techniques to monitor how the structure and dynamics of biomolecules enables specific biological functions
biophysical techniques
What are the objective to study a single technique or application?
- to research and better understand the physical principles underlying the technique
- to work toward extending the technique’s abilities
What are the two major categories of Biophysical techniques?
Preparative techniques
Analytical techniques
purify or isolate biological specimens (organisms, cells, and molecules) or otherwise get them ready for use in some other process or further experimentation
preparative techniques
used to measure physical aspects (energy, pressure, volume, length, stress) of a biological system.
Analytical techniques
True or False: Many biophysical techniques fall into both categories at the same time
True
machine used to spin a sample of material around in circles
centrifuge
True or False: The circular motion from centrifuge places a force on the sample. The force is similar to, but typically much larger than the force of gravity
True
True or False: The force from centrifuge is much smaller than the force of gravity
False
centrifuge specially designed to spin at an extremely high rate of speed
ultracentrifugation
true or false: some ultracentrifuges can exert forces as much as 1 million times that of gravity
true
Centrifuges operate on the principle of _______
sedimentation
describes the motion of particles in a fluid under the application of force
sedimentation
Sedimentation rate of a particle depends on:
force
density of the fluid
size and density (or concentration of the particles of fluid
True or False: Applying a force stronger than gravity can decrease sedimentation rate
False
sedimentation rate increases if force greater than gravity is applied
convenient technique for separating molecules of different sizes
ultracentrifugation
True or False: Ultracentrifugation is used as both a preparative and an analytical technique
True
vesicles or cellular components that exist outside of a cell
exosomes
contains special optical devices and sensors that can track the movement of molecules as they are being centrifuged
analytical ultracentrifuge
used to detect conformational transitions and to determine the number of subunits making up a molecular complex
analytical centrifuge
can calculate the size and approximate shape of the molecules
physics of sedimentation formulas
spins the suspension around a central axis, producing centrifugal force, which causes the suspended particles to collect as a pellet in the tube bottom
centrifuge
applies electric current to biological molecules
electrophoresis
laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge
electrophoresis
an electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel
electrophoresis
True or False: In electrophoresis, the pores work like a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to move faster than larger molecules.
True
True or False: Electrophoresis relies on the principle of sedimentation
True
the force results from an electric field applied to electrically charged particles or molecules
Electrophoresis
common type of electrophoresis
gel electrophoresis
fluid that has a molecular structure that gives it properties similar to a solid
gel
True or False: Larger molecules are easily obstructed than smaller molecules.
True
What affects sedimentation in gel electrophoresis
density of the gel
size and shape of molecules
charge of molecules
True or False: molecules with more charge will experience a weaker force generated by the electric field
False
stronger force
enables separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis
chromatography
Who was the Russian botanist who coined the term chromatography?
Mikhail Tswett
The first analytical use of chromatography was described by
James and Martin (1952)
first analytical use of chromatography
analysis of fatty acid mixtures
powerful separation tool that is used in all branches of science and is often the only means of separating components from complex mixtures
Chromatography
principles of chromatography
stationary phase and mobile phase
Three components of the basis of the chromatography technique
stationary phase
mobile phase
separated molecules
this phase is always composed of a ‘solid’ phase or a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface solid support
stationary phase
this phase is always composed of ‘liquid’ or a ‘gaseous’ component
mobile phase
basic component effective on the separation of molecules from each other
stationary phase
mobile phase
substance contained in mixture
Application of Chromatography
Pharmaceutical sector
Chemical Industry
Food Industry
Forensic Science
Molecular Biology Studies
technique that relies on sedimentation and is a type of partition chromatography applied to isolate molecules with different molecular sizes
size exclusion chromatography
uses gravity or sometimes pressure to sediment a solution through a gel
Size exclusion chromatography
True or False: SEC gels are one solid piece of gel
False: gels are tightly packed suspension of gels
True or False: In Size Exclusion Chromatography, large molecules pass through faster than smaller molecules
True
