Module 4: PSYCHOTHERAPIES AND RELATED THEORIES Flashcards
1
Q
What Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development
A
Trust Vs. Mistrust
Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative Vs. Guilt
Industry Vs. Inferiority
Identity Vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy Vs. Isolation
Generativity Vs. Stagnation
Integrity Vs. Despair
2
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Trust Vs. Mistrust
A
- Infancy: Birth-1 year old
- Ability to form meaningful relationships, hope about the future, trust in others.
- Faith in the environment
- Unfavorable Outcome: Poor relationships, suspicion, fear of the future
3
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
A
- Early childhood: 1-3 years old
- Self-control, self esteem and will power
- Sense adequacy
- Unfavorable outcome: Feelings of shame and self doubt, poor self control, low self esteem, lack of independence.
4
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Initiative Vs. Guilt
A
- Late childhood: 3-6 year old
* Ability to initiate one’s own activities, to be a “self starter” - Unfavorable outcome: sense of guilt, lack of self initiated behavior, lack of goal orientation
5
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Industry Vs. Inferiority
A
- School age: 6-12 years old
- Ability to learn how things work, to understand and organize
- Ability to work, sense of competency and achievement
* Friends and classmates play a role in how children progress through the industry vs inferiority stage. Through proficiency at play and schoolwork, children are able to develop a sense of competency and pride in their abilities.
*** Unfavorable outcome: a sense of inferiority at understanding and organizing.
**
6
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Identity Vs. Role Confusion
A
* Adolescence: 12-20 years old
* Personal sense of identity
* Seeing oneself as a unique and integrated person (a unity in thought, emotion, and action)
* Unfavorable outcome: confusion over who and what really one is, poor self-identification in group setting
7
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Intimacy Vs. Isolation
A
- Early adulthood: 20-35 years old
- Committed relationships and capacity to love
- Unfavorable outcome: inability to form affectionate relationships, emotional isolation
8
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Generativity Vs. Stagnation
A
- Middle adulthood: 35-65 years old
- Ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care others
- Concern for family and society in general
- Unfavorable outcome: concern only for self
9
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Developement
Integrity Vs. Despair
A
- Late adulthood: >65 years old
- Fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face death, insight, and balanced life events
- A sense of integrity
- Unfavorable outcome: Bitterness, dissatisfaction with life, despair over prospect of death
10
Q
What virtue is associated with each stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?
A
11
Q
What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
A
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years):
- Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
- Formal Operational Stage (12 years and older):
12
Q
Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years
A
In this stage, infants and toddlers learn about the world through their senses and motor activities. They explore their environment, develop object permanence.
13
Q
Object permanence
A
Object permanence describes a child’s ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard.
14
Q
Object constancy
A
Object Constancy allows us to trust that our bond with those who are close to us remains whole even when they are not physically around. With (Abject Constancy, absence does not mean disappearance or abandonment, only temporary distance.
15
Q
Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)
A
During this stage, children develop language skills and begin to use symbols to represent objects and ideas. However, their thinking is still egocentric, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from others’ perspectives. They also exhibit magical thinking and are not yet capable of logical reasoning.
16
Q
Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
A
In this stage, children become more capable of logical thinking, but their reasoning is still grounded in concrete experiences and objects. They can understand conservation (the idea that quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance), perform basic mental operations, and think more logically about concrete objects and situations.
17
Q
Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
Formal Operational Stage (12 years and older)
A
During this final stage, adolescents and adults develop the ability for abstract and hypothetical thinking.
They can think critically, solve complex problems, and engage in systematic reasoning about abstract concepts. This stage is marked by greater cognitive flexibility and the ability to reason about concepts beyond concrete
18
Q
What are the 5 stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
A
- Oral Stage (0-1 years old)
- Anal Stage (1-3 years old)
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years old)
- Latency Stage (6-puberty)
- Genital Stage (puberty onward)
19
Q
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage (0-1 years old)
A
During this initial stage, the mouth is the primary focus of libidinal energy. Infants gain pleasure from oral activities such as sucking, eating, and biting.
20
Q
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Anal Stage (1-3 years old)
A
In this stage, children begin to experience pleasure from controlling their bowel movements and the act of elimination. This stage involves potty training and learning to control bodily functions.
21
Q
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Phallic Stage (3-6 years old)
A
At this age, children begin to discover the differences between males and females. Here, the libido centers on the genital area. Freud introduced the concepts of the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls, where a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent.
22
Q
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Latency Stage (6-puberty)
A
During the latency stage, the sexual urges are repressed and dormant, and the child focuses on developing skills and engaging in activities with same-sex peers. Freud believed that this stage was crucial for cultural and social development.
23
Q
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Genital Stage (puberty onward)
A
In the final stage of psychosexual development, the sexual urges reawaken and become directed towards heterosexual pleasure rather than self-pleasure. This stage marks the development of mature adult sexuality and relationships.
24
Q
What is the basis of Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
A
It is a psychological theory that seeks to explain how individuals create reliable emotional connections, bonding relationships, and emotional regulation between humans based on psychological and physiological needs.
25
According to Bowlby, if a child fails to attachment and create emotion bonds in childhood, it can lead to _____.
Psychological disruptions, emotional imbalances, and behavioral trouble in adulthood.
26
Bowlby's theory claims that if an infanct can develop strong emotional bonds with trusted caregivers or figures in their early lives, then __________.
**These caregivers create real-world interactions and provide safety, comfort, stability, and warmth for the infant, which leads to emotional safety and self-regulation.**
27
Who developed Cognitive therapy?
Aaron Beck
28
What is Cognitive Therapy?
It is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on identifying and changing dysfunctional thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors. It is based on the premise that our thoughts and perceptions influence our feelings and behaviors. By addressing and modifying maladaptive thought patterns, cognitive therapy aims to alleviate emotional distress and improve coping skills.
29
What is the goal of cognitve therapy?
empower individuals to develop healthier ways of thinking and behaving, leading to improved emotional well-being.
30
What is Behavioral Therapy?
* It is a type of therapy that focuses on identifying and changing unhealthy behaviors. It is based on the idea that our behaviors are learned responses to our environment, and by modifying these behaviors, we can improve our mental health and well-being.
31
What techniques do behavioral therapists use?
positive reinforcement
exposure
relaxation
skills training
problem-solving
role-playing
modeling
32
What is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy?
CBT aimes to change our thought patterns, our conscious and unconscious beliefs, our attitudes, and ultimately our behavior to help us face difficulties and achieve our goals.
33
What are the 3 core principles of CBT?
1. Psychological problems are based in part on faulty or unhelpful ways of thinking.
2. Psychological problems are base in part on learned patterns of unhelpful behavior.
3. People suffering from psychological problems can learn better ways of coping with them, thereby relieving their symptoms and becoming more effective in their lives.
34
CBT treatment usually involves efforts to **changing thinking patterns. ** These strategies might include:
* Learning to recognize ones’ distortions in thinking that are creating problems, and then to reevaluate them in light of reality.
* Gaining a better understanding of the behaviors and motivation of others.
* Using problem solving skills to cope with difficult situations
* Learning to develop greater sense of confidence in one’s own abilities.
35
CBT treatment usually involves efforts to **change behavioral patterns. ** These strategies might include:
* Facing one’s fears instead of avoiding them.
* Using role paly to prepare for potentially problematic interactions with others.
* Learning to claim one’s mind and relax one’s body.
36
What does trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy
addresses the mental health needs of children, adolescents, and families suffering from the destructive effects of early trauma
37
True or False
The treatment is particularly sensitive to the unique problems, of youths with post-traumatic stress and mood disorders resulting from sexual abuse, as well as from physical abuse, violence, or trauma.
38
What does Psychodynamic Therapy focus on and what is the goal of this therapy?
Focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior.
The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior.
39
Who started dialectical behavioral therapy?
Marsha Linehan
40
DBT is good for ____ personality disorder?
borderline personality disorder. because it can decrease SI in BPD
41
When implementing DBT, what should you focus on
Be an active listener
42
Goals of DBT
** Decrease suicidal behaviors**
Decrease therapy interfering behaviors
Decrease emotional reactivity
Decrease self invalidation
Decrease crisis generating behaviors
Decrease passivity
Increase realistic decision making
Increase accurate communication of emotions and competencies
43
What therapy did Carl Rogers found?
Humanistic Therapy
44
What are the core concepts of Humanistic Theory?
1. person centered therapy
2. self directred growth and self actualization
3. Each person has the potential to actualize and find meaning.
4. Assumes people are striving for human growth and self actualization
45
What does Existential Therapy emphasize?
accepting freedom and making responsible choices.
46
Existential Therapy is best for who?
**Existential therapy is also well suited to those facing issues of existence, for example, those with a terminal illness, those contemplating suicide, or even those going through a transition in their life.**
47
True or False
**Existential Therapy helps to understand the patient's subjective experience.**
True
48
What are some goals of existential therapy?
* Reflection on life and self-confrontation is encouraged.
* Goals are to live authentically and to focus on the present and on personal responsibility.
49
What does Interpersonal Therapy focus on?
* Focus on interpersonal issues that are creating distress
50
What is the goa of Interpersonal therapy?
**The goal is to help people identify and modify interpersonal problems, to understand and to manage relationship problems.**
51
What is EMDR and what is is used for for?
* A form of behavioral and exposure therapy.
* Used for PTSD.
52
What is the goal of EMDR?
* Goal is to achieve adaptive resolution
53
What are the 3 phase of EMDR?
Desensitization Phase
o The client visualizes the trauma verbalizes the negative thoughts or maladaptive beliefs, and remains attentive to physical sensations. This process occurs for a limited time while the client maintains rhythmic eye movements. He or she is then instructed to bock out negative thoughts; to breathe deeply; and then to verbalize what he or she is thinking, feeling, or imagining.
Installation Phase (it is like cognitive therapy; you are helping patient’s develop positive thoughts)
o The client installs and increases the strength of the positive thought that he or she has declared as a replacement of the original negative thought.
Body Scan
o The client visualizes the trauma along with positive thought and then scans his or her body mentally to identify tension within.
54
What does psychofynamic therapy focus on?
Focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client’s present behavior. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client slef-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior.
55
What is the tendency of families to resist change and maintain a steady state. Resisting change to maintain steady state!!
Family homeostasis
56
A family’s tendency to adapt to change when changes are necessary.
Morphogenesis
57
a family’s tendency to remain stable in the midst of change. Family is accepting change!!
Morphostasis
58
What are boudaries in family therapies/
barriers that protect and enhance the functional integrity of families, individuals, and subsystems. System boundaries can be physical or psychological.
59
These boundaries define physical space and personal privacy within the family. They include aspects such as personal space, touch, and physical contact. For example, respecting each other's privacy by knocking before entering a closed door.
Physical boundaries
60
Emotional boundaries refer to the separation between one's emotions and the emotions of others. Healthy emotional boundaries allow individuals to express their feelings without feeling responsible for or overwhelmed by the emotions of other family members. For instance, recognizing when to offer support without taking on another's emotional
Emotional boundaries
61
What are clearly defined hierarchies/Boundaries
* Defined boundaries are healthy boundaries that are well-established and understood within the family.
* They are flexible enough to adapt to different situations and needs but firm enough to maintain structure and order.
* These boundaries are characterized by open communication, respect for individual autonomy, and a sense of safety and security within the family unit.
* Clearly defined boundaries promote healthy relationships, emotional well-being, and effective conflict resolution within the family
62
What are rigid boundaries
* Rigid boundaries are overly strict and inflexible boundaries that may be enforced within a family.
* They often involve strict rules and regulations that leave little room for negotiation or compromise.
* Rigid boundaries can lead to a lack of emotional closeness, stifled individual expression, and difficulties in resolving conflicts.
* In extreme cases, rigid boundaries may result in isolation, resentment, or rebellion among family members.
* Rigid boundaries may stem from a desire to maintain control, fear of change, or past experiences of trauma or dysfunction within the family.
63
Family System Therapy/Systemic Family Therapy was founded by ______
Murray bowen
64
Family System Therapy/Systemic Family Therapy focus on ___
chronic anxiety within families.
65
Goasl of Family System Therapy/Systemic Family Therapy
* Treatment goals are to increase the family’s awareness of each member’s function within the family and to increase levels of self-differentiation (being able to posses and identify your own thoughts and feelings and distinguish them from others).
66
What are triangles in Family System Therapy/Systemic Family Therapy and are they good or bad?
Dyads that form triads to decrease stress; the lower the level of family adaptation, the more likely a triangle will develop
Bad
67
**A type of family therapy that assesses the subsystems, boundaries, hierarchies, and coalitions within a family (its structure) and focuses on direct interactions between the family members as the primary method of inducing positive change. **
Structural Family Therapy
68
What is the goal of Structural Family Therapy
* The main treatment goal is to produce a structural change in the family organization to more effectively manage problems.
69
True or False
Structural Family therapy has clearly defined hierarchies/boundaries.
True
70
What is Enactment in Structural Family Therapy
* In an enactment, family members are asked to play out relationship patterns spontaneously during a therapy session (talk with each other rather than to the therapist).
* This serves the dual purposes of allowing the therapist to see firsthand how clients interact, instead of rely on their descriptions, and having clients experience different ways of interacting (map, track, and modify the family structure).
71
What are main concepts in strategic therapy?
Interventions are problem focused. Strategic therapy is symptoms focused.
72
What are paradoxical directives?
a negative task that is assigned when family members are resistant to change, and the member is expected to be noncompliant (this this technique with caution). It’s like reverse psychology. You say one thing but you want them to do the opposite. Be careful with using this one.
73
What is straightforward directives?
tasks that re designed in expectation of the family member’s compliance. Good for family members who are COMPLIANT.
74
What is reframing belief systems?
problematic behaviors are relabeled to have more positive meaning (e.g. jealousy reframed to caring).
75
What is the focus of solution focused therapy and its' goal?
* Focus is to rework for the present situation solutions that have worked previously.
* Treatment goal is effective resolution of problems through cognitive problem-solving and use of personal resources and strengths.
Miracle questions:
76
What are 3 types of questions you can ask in solution focused therapy?
1. Miracle questions
2. Exception finding questions
3. Scaling questions
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Example of a miracle question
* “If a miracle were to happen tonight while you were asleep, and tomorrow morning you awoke to find that the problem no longer existed, what would be different?”
78
What kind of questions are exception finding questions and an example
* Directing client to a time in their lives when the problem did not exist, which helps them move forward toward solutions. By assisting them in searching for any exceptions to the pattern.
* “Was there a time when the problem did not occur?’
79
Give an example of a scaling question
* “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 being very anxious and depressed, how would you rate how you are feeling now?” This is useful for highlighting small increments of change.
80
**EMDR/exposure therapy helps to activate which part of the brain**
Amygdala
81
What are 8 types of defense mechanisms
1. Projection
2. Displacement
3. sublimation
4. Rationalization
5. Repression
6. Suppression
7. Altruism
8. Reaction Formation
82
This defense mechanism involves individuals attributing their won unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person. EX: you might hate someone, but your mind tells you that such hatred is unacceptable. You can “solve” the problems by believing that they hate you.
Projection
83
What type of defense mechanism is displacement?
Displacement is the redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target. The target can be a person or an object that can serve as symbolic substitute. EX: someone who might be frustrated by their boss at work might go home and kick their dog.
84
What is Sublimation?
Similar to displacement but takes place when we manage to displace our unacceptable emotions into behaviors which are constructive and socially acceptable, rather than destructive activities.
o Sublimation is redirecting unacceptable feelings into an acceptable channel.
85
A mother of child killed in a drive by shooting becomes involve in legislative change for gun laws and gun violence.
This example is what type of defense mechanism?
Sublimation
86
An attempt to logically justify generally unacceptable behavior.
Rationalization
87
Unconscious (involuntary) exclusion of unwanted, disturbing emotions, thoughts, or impulses from conscious awareness. For example, a young child is bitten by a dog. They later develop a severe phobia of dogs but have no memory of when or how this fear originated.
Repression
88
Conscious (voluntary) analog of repression; conscious denial of a disturbing situation, feeling, or event. For example, a person might choose not to think about a troubling event during work hours to maintain focus on their job.
Suppression
89
Meeting the needs of others in order to discharge drives, conflicts, or stressors.
For example, someone who struggled with addiction might find a sense of healing and purpose in helping others overcome similar challenges.
Altruism
90
What is reaction formation
when an individual unconsciously replaces unacceptable or threatening internal desires and thoughts with their exact opposites on the conscious level. This mechanism often manifests in behaviors that are exaggerated or overly demonstrative, and they typically oppose the person's true feelings.
91
The following is an example of which type of defense mechanism:
A person who feels hostility towards someone may exhibit overly friendly behavior towards them.
This isn't a genuine change in feelings, but rather a defense against the anxiety and internal conflict caused by the unacceptable hostile feelings.
Reaction Formation
92
Who identified characteristics of group therapy?
Yalom
93
What are Yalom's 10 therapeutic factors that differentiate group therapy?
1. Instillation of hope
2. Universality
3. Altuism
4. Increase development of socialization skills
5. Imitative behavriors
6. Interpersonal learning
7. Group cohesiveness
8. Catharsis
9. Esistential factors
10. Corrective refocusing
94
What are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)?
potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years)
95
**A study by Gelitti et al in 1988 showed there was a relationship between adverse childhood experiences and what diseases/disorders**
significant heart disease
fractures
diabetes
obesity
unintended pregnancy
sexually transmitted diseases
depression
anxiety
cancer
COPD
chronic bronchitis
sleep disorder
dissociative disorders
eating disorders
alcoholism.
96
Biopsychosocial Framework
What is the recovery model?
**A treatment approach which does not focus on full symptom resolution but emphasizes resilience and control over problems and life.**
The recovery model aims to help people with mental illnesses and distress to look beyond mere survival and existence.
Recovery is not about “getting rid” of problems but seeing beyond a person’s mental health problems, **recognizing, and fostering their abilities, interests, and dreams.**
97
True of False
The recovery model is Linear
False
**Non-Linear. **Recovery in not a step by step process, but one base on continual grown, occasional setbacks, and **learning from experience.**
98
What are the 10 key points of the recovery model
1. Hope and optimism
2. Person centered care
3. Empowerment
4. Holisitc perspective
5. Collaboration and Partnership
6. Cultural competence
7. Strenths based approach
8. Lifelong process
9. Peer support
10. Community integration
99
What is Assertive Community Treatment (ACT)
o An intensive, integrated approach to community mental health service delivery.
o Mental health services are provided in a community setting (rather than a more restrictive residential or hospital setting) to people experiencing mental illness.
100
What is the primary goal of ACT and what is it centered around?
To help people become independent and integrate into the community as they experience recovery. The goal of ACT is to reduce the reliance on hospitals by providing round the clock services to the people who need it most.
**Treatment is centered around the patient’s personal strengths, needs, and desires for the future. **
101
What type of therapuetic approach does ACT follow?
hollistic
