Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NS 7100 > Module 4: Pregnancy Experiences > Flashcards

Module 4: Pregnancy Experiences Flashcards

1
Q

What are the presumptive signs of pregnancy?
What signs of pregnancy are most often noticed by women?

A
  • missed period
  • breast tenderness
  • fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the probable signs of pregnancy?

A
  • positive pregnancy test
  • Hegar’s sign: softening of lower uterine segment
  • Ballottement: ability of examiner to feel a floating body within the uterus after a sharp tap on uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy?

A
  • hearing fetal heart
  • visualizing the fetus via ultrasound
  • feeling/palpating fetal movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 4 suggestions to help women deal with nausea?

A

No remedy has been found for this troublesome discomfort but some common tips that may help a woman deal with NV are:

  • Eat small amounts of food every 2–3 hours.
  • Avoid large meals that over distend the stomach.
    – Avoid drinking fluid with meals or over distending the stomach with large amounts of fluid in between meals.
  • Clear fluids such as apple juice, water, clear tea, ginger ale, and peppermint tea may be easier on the stomach. In general taking herbal teas are not contraindicated; however, there is some evidence to suggest that red raspberry leaf herbal tea may cause uterine contractions.
  • Avoid greasy and fatty foods.
  • Try not to skip meals or let the stomach become empty.
  • Eat dry, starchy snacks, such as arrowroot cookies or melba toast, first thing in the morning or when nausea occurs.
  • Avoid getting over tired.
  • Sleep in a well-ventilated room and get lots of fresh air.
  • Avoid cooking smells that cause nausea.
  • Eat what appeals to you.
  • Have someone else do the cooking!
  • Salty and tart foods may relieve nausea.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many trimesters? How long are each trimesters?

A
  • first trimester: week 1 to week 13
  • second trimester: week 14 to week - 26
  • third trimester: week 27 - week 40
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which weeks of pregnancy is developing embryo most vulnerable to teratogens?

A
  • the first 8 weeks of pregnancy
  • rapid cell division, organ system development, and rapid growth occurs in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What weeks are considered antenatal care? What are the routine antenatal tests?

A
  • the first trimester: 1-13 weeks
  • routine blood tests: CBC, blood type, antibodies and Rh, rubella titer, hepB, STI testing
  • ultrasound in the first trimester
  • Integrated prenatal screen IPS
  • serum integrated prenatal screen SIPS
  • nuchal translucency NT
  • chorionic villi sampling CVS
  • non-invasive prenatal testing NIPT: screens for trisomy 21, 18, 13 —> free for women who are considered high risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 4 factors do you think influence a woman’s decision making in relation to antenatal screening?

A
  • There are many factors that influence which, if any, screening tests a woman decides to pursue during her pregnancy.
  • Her age, culture, religious beliefs, past experiences, family history, as well as the availability of tests would all play a role in her decision making.
  • It can be very confusing when women have to balance the risk of having a child with a congenital anomaly with the risk of invasive prenatal testing such as amniocentesis.
  • There is also a chance of false positives, or uncertain results which may lead to further testing.
  • For some women antenatal screening may provide reassurance and for others it may increase their stress.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of GTPAL?

A
  • Gravida: total number of pregnancies
  • Term: number of pregnancies that carried term
  • Preterm: the number of pregnancies that are carried from the age of viability (20 weeks) to before term (<37 completed weeks)
  • Abortions: any pregnancy loss prior to the age of viability. This includes spontaneous and therapeutic abortions
  • Living: the number of living children at the time of history taking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is GTPAL for woman pregnant for first time?

A
  • G1 T0 P0 A0 L0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the GTPAL for A woman is pregnant for the third time. Her first child was born preterm and died, and her second pregnancy ended at 12 weeks?

A
  • G3 T0 P1 A1 L0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What routine testing is done during the second trimester?

A
  • prenatal visits with care provider once every 4-6weeks
  • detailed ultrasound between 18-20 weeks gestation
  • screened for gestational diabetes between 24-28 weeks gestation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What routine testing is done during the third trimester?

A
  • prenatal visits every 4-6 weeks until 30 weeks
  • prenatal visits every 2-3 weeks between 30-36 weeks
  • screen for group B strep (GBS) between 35-37 weeks
  • ultrasound ordered if concern about fetal growth and well-being
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 4 assessment are done during each prenatal visit?

A
  • maternal vital signs: BP may decrease, HR may increase
  • urine for presence of ketones/glucose (gestational diabetes) or protein (gestational hypertension)
  • weight gain: 2-2.5kg during first trimester, 0.5-1kg per week during second and third trimester
  • SFH: symphysis fundal height measurement (after 20 weeks gestation): measurement corresponds to week’s gestation
  • overall assessment of women’s adaptation to pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the maternal and fetal risks with being underweight or overweight when pregnancy begins?

A
  • severely underweight women: have preterm labour and birth LBW infants, giving birth to IUGR
  • obesity women with hypertension or diabetes: likely develop gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes during pregnancy, increased risk of c-section
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Leopold’s maneuver? When would it be performed?

A
  • used to determine the position, presentation, and engagement of the fetus in utero.
  • usually performed after 36 weeks by your healthcare provider to determine your baby’s position and estimate their birth weight.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the definition of maternal fetal attachment? What 3 factors influence maternal-fetal attachment?

A
  • relate to the emotional tie or relationship that develops throughout pregnancy
  • other factors: previous pregnancies, previous losses, use of assisted reproductive technologies, and pregnancy complications, women’s mental health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does untreated antenatal depression affect (3)?

A
  • increase risk of post-partum depression
  • negatively on the couple’s relationship,
  • attachment to the infant, and
  • may also affect birth outcomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which week of pregnancy does the primitive fetal heart starts to beat?

A
  • around 3 weeks of pregnancy
  • developmentally complete by the end of the embryonic stage at approximately 8 weeks.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the normal heart rate range for full term baby?

A
  • from 110 to 160 beats a minute
  • younger fetus has a heart rate that is higher than the more mature fetus.
  • This is due to the maturing autonomic nervous system (ANS), which initially is sympathetically driven and causes a higher fetal heart rate
  • slower heart rate during fetal sleep
  • increased heart rate with fetal movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Around which weeks is fetal movement felt by mom? What is flutter in abdomen recognized as?

A
  • around 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy
  • flutter senstation is “quickening”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens when fetus experience oxygen deprivation?

A
  • it decreases its movements to reduce oxygen demands
  • shunts blood supply to the vital organs (heart and brain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is the fetal movement count/test assess?

A
  • fetal movement test requires her to lie down on her side for an hour and count the kicks or movements felt.
    -Women who do not perceive six movements in an interval of two hours require further antenatal testing and should contact their caregivers or hospital as soon as possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What shape is a uterus?

A
  • uterus is a pear shaped organ
  • amazingly expands from approximately 3” long, 2” wide
  • 1” in its non-pregnant state,
  • to 500–1000 times its original size to hold a full-term fetus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the uterus composed of (4)? Which portion/part does the placenta and fetus develop in?

A
  • upper portion: the fundus
  • the body: where the placenta and fetus grow during normal pregnancy
  • lower portion: narrower
  • the cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the top of the uterus is called?

A
  • top of the body of the uterus is called the fundus.
  • The fundus is the landmark used for measuring uterine and fetal growth in pregnancy once the uterus becomes an abdominal organ around 12–16 weeks
  • also the area of the uterus that is palpated when assessing labour contractions and checking the uterus after delivery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What shape is the cervix (part of uterus)?

A
  • cylindrical in shape and
  • has an outer and inner opening or os
  • outer os: faces the vagina
  • internal os: opens into the body of uterus
  • in labour, the cervix thins shorten (effacement) and dilates: the outer and inner os becomes one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is the isthmus?

A
  • between the body of uterus and cervix
  • this dividing area is significant in labour: elongating and thinning out to allow passage of fetus
  • in labour: the isthmus is referred as the lower uterine segment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 layers that uterus can be divided into?

A
  • inner layer or endometrium
  • middle layer or myometrium
  • outer layer of the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why does woman lying on her back cause supine hypotension?

A
  • When a woman is lying on her back the weight of the growing uterus exerts pressure on the inferior vena cava which results in a 25-30% decrease in cardiac output which causes significant hypotension
  • Supine hypotension may also result in nausea, dizziness, pallor, diaphoresis and more importantly, can decrease blood supply to the fetus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What cardiac/respiratory physiologic changes happens during pregnancy?

A
  • increased blood volume
  • increased cardiac output
  • increased heart rate
  • slight decrease in BP
  • increased RBC
  • increased O2 requirements
  • physiologic anemia
32
Q

What physiologic changes happens to breasts during pregnancy?

A
  • increased fullness
  • stretch marks
  • development of mammary glands
  • colostrum presented by second trimester
33
Q

What physiologic changes happens to breasts during pregnancy?

A
  • increased fullness
  • stretch marks
  • development of mammary glands
  • colostrum presented by second trimester
34
Q

What GI physiologic changes happens during pregnancy (3)?

A
  • nausea and vomiting
  • delayed emptying of stomach
  • reflux
  • decreased tone and motility in intestines
35
Q

What are 3 renal physiologic changes happens during pregnancy?

A
  • dilation of uterus
  • increased risk of UTIs
  • urinary frequency in early pregnancy/again at term
36
Q

What are 4 reproductive physiologic changes happens during pregnancy?

A
  • continued uterine growth
  • braxton hicks contraction: around 4 months
  • softening of cervix
  • vaginal mucosa thickens
  • leukorrhea (vaginal discharge)
  • vaginal secretions more acidic
37
Q

What musculoskeletal physiologic changes happens during pregnancy (3)?

A
  • pelvis tilts forward
  • center of gravity shift
  • lordosis (curve of the lower back)
  • loosening of ligaments and joints in pelvis and hips
38
Q

Why is folate/ folic acid important in pre-conception?
During pregnancy, how much folic acid should pregnant women be taking?

A
  • important in the pre-conception period as it is required for closure of the neural tube in the first weeks of pregnancy which is often before a woman knows she is pregnant
  • During pregnancy that supplement should increase to 0.6 mg daily
39
Q

What are some examples of folic acid dietary sources?

A
  • meat
  • fortified cereals
  • legumes
  • green vegetables
  • oranges
40
Q

What are 4 topics for pregnancy education sessions (from Zohar article)?

A
  • nutrition
  • exercise
  • relaxation technique
  • infant care and feeding
  • postpartum issues: contraception
  • sexuality and childbearing
  • abuse issues
  • parenting
41
Q

What can be discussed in written birth plans (3)?

A
  • women’s fears or concerns
  • women’s beliefs,
  • labour support options
  • the approach to birth women prefer
42
Q

What are 4 signs of impending labour?

A
  • uterus sinks downward and forwards about 23 weeks before term
  • more urinary frequency as heavy uterus presses on bladder
  • SFH measurement decreases
  • woman may start to feel low back ache and pelvic pressure and Braxton Hicks contractions may become more frequent
  • descent of the fetus, late third trimester contractions, and various hormonal changes also start to soften the cervix (ripening) causing the mucous plug to be expelled
  • As this plug (operculum) is loosened and expelled tiny blood vessels in the cervix may be torn resulting in the passing of “bloody show”
  • a feeling that they must prepare by cleaning, shopping, and organizing their home for their baby (also known as nesting)
  • women also experience a slight weight loss as their pregnancy ends
43
Q

What is lightening?

A
  • in first-time pregnancies, the uterus sinks downward and forward about 2 weeks before term, when the presenting part of the fetus (usually the fetal head) descends into the true pelvis.
  • This settling is called lightening, or dropping, and usually happens gradually.
44
Q

What is bloody show?

A
  • vaginal discharge that originates in cervix
  • consist of blood and mucous
45
Q

What is prelabour rupture of the membranes (PROM)? What confirms PROM?

A
  • the rupture of membranes before labour has started
  • leakage of amniotic fluid before onset of labour
  • Confirmation of PROM: evidence that fluid is leaking
46
Q

What places a women + fetus at risk for cord prolapse?

A
  • Prelabour rupture of the membranes (PROM)
  • corp prolapse: when umbilical cord lies below or in front of the presenting fetus
47
Q

What important assessment is done after suspected PROM occurred? What two tests is a probable indication membranes rupture?

A
  • abdominal palpation or Leopold’s maneuvers to determine if the fetal presenting part is engaged
  • nitrazine test and ferning test
48
Q

What is the nitrazine test?

A
  • Amniotic fluid is slightly alkaline
  • probable indication that membranes have ruptured is obtained if the yellow colour red nitrazine paper turns a dark blue after contact with amniotic fluid
49
Q

What is the ferning test?

A
  • A ferning test is done by examining a glass slide containing amniotic fluid under a microscope. Amniotic fluid is obtained by swabbing the posterior fornix of the vagina and then rubbing the fluid onto a slide.
  • Amniotic fluid has a frond-like, crystalline pattern and visualization of these “ferns” usually confirms that the membranes have ruptured
50
Q

Once PROM has been confirmed, what can happen next?

A
  • decision is required related to induction of labour or expectant management
  • most women with ruptured membranes will go into labour within 24 hours may go home
  • expectant management at home: avoid bathing in the tub, avoid intercourse, looks for signs of infection, and monitor fetal movement
51
Q

What is preterm labour?

A
  • Preterm labour is the occurrence of regular uterine contractions accompanied by cervical changes before 37 weeks gestation
52
Q

What are 4 health conditions preterm infants are at risk for?

A
  • neurologic morbidity,
  • respiratory distress syndrome,
  • respiratory failure,
  • central nervous system hemorrhage,
  • infections,
  • gastrointestinal complications,
  • feeding difficulties,
  • problems with thermoregulation, and
  • long term problems with vision, hearing, cognitive ability, growth, and behavior
53
Q

What are 4 causes/risk factors of preterm labour?

A
  • infection
  • previous preterm birth
  • periodontal disease
  • working condition
  • smoking, illicit drug
  • stress
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • hypertensive disorders
  • placental problems
  • violence
54
Q

What are 4 signs of preterm labour?

A
  • menstrual like cramps,
  • pelvic pressure,
  • low dull backache,
  • aching in thighs,
  • regular contractions before 37 weeks gestation
55
Q

What are some discomfort during the first trimester?

A
  • breast changes: tenderness, pain, enlargement
  • urgency and frequency of urination
  • nausea and vomiting
  • fatigue
  • mood swings
  • nasal stuffiness
56
Q

What are 4 discomfort during the second trimester?

A
  • pigmentation deepens
  • spider nevi
  • pruritus
  • supine hypotension
  • faintness
  • food cravings
  • heartburn
  • constipation
  • varicose veins
  • round ligament pain
  • backpain
57
Q

What are 4 discomfort during the third trimester?

A
  • urinary frequency and urgency
  • insomnia
  • ankle edema
  • braxton hicks contraction
  • mood swings
  • SOB
  • perineal discomfort
  • leg cramps
58
Q

What two hormones stimulate uterine growth in first trimester?

A
  • estrogen and progesterone
59
Q

Whats Hegar sign?

A
  • at around 6 weeks of gestation,
  • softening and compressibility of lower uterine segment (uterine isthmus) occurs
60
Q

What is Braxton hicks contractions?

A
  • after the 4th month, intermittent uterine contraction felt through abdominal wall
  • are irregular and painless and cease with walking/exercise
  • to enhance blood flow through intervillous space
61
Q

What is ballottement?

A
  • identified between 16th and 18th week
  • passive movement of unengaged fetus
  • a technique of palpating a floating structure by bouncing it gently and feeling it rebound
62
Q

What is quickening?

A
  • first recognition of fetal movement or “feeling of life”
63
Q

What is Goodell sign?

A
  • softening of cervical tip at about 6th week
  • Goodell sign is due to the increase vascularity, slight hypertrophy and hyperplasia
64
Q

What is Chadwick sign?

A
  • increase vascularity results in violet-blue colour of vaginal mucosa and cervix
  • at around 6-8 weeks
65
Q

What is Striae gravidarum?

A
  • stretch marks can appear at outer aspects of breasts
  • richer blood supply to breasts cause vessel beneath the skin to dilate
  • the blood vessels become visible often appearing in intertwining bluish network beneath surface of skin
66
Q

What is lactogenesis stage I?

A
  • during 2nd trimester, human placental lactogen (hPL) stimulate secretion of colostrum
67
Q

What cardiovascular changes happen during pregnancy? HR? BP? Blood volume? Cardiac output?

A
  • HR: increases by 15-20bpm
  • SBP: slight or no decrease
  • DBP: slight decrease
  • BV: increases by 1200-1500ml or 40-50% above pregnancy level
  • CO: increases by 30-50%
68
Q

What is pica?

A
  • nonfood cravings such as ice, clay, laundry starch
69
Q

What is linea nigra?

A
  • pigmented line extending from symphysis pubis to top of fundus in the midline
70
Q

What is pruritus gravidarum?

A
  • itching over abdomen
71
Q

What is palmar erythema?

A
  • pinkish red, mottled or well defined blotches seen over the palmar surfaces of the hands
72
Q

What are the 3 phases that mother-child relationship progresses throughout pregnancy as per Rubin?

A
  • phase 1: women accepts the biologic fact of pregnancy
  • phase 2: women accepts the growing fetus as distinct from herself
  • phase 3: women prepares realistically for the birth and parenting of the child
73
Q

What is the best position for renal perfusion for pregnant women when lying down?

A
  • side lying position increases renal perfusion: which increase urine output and decrease edema
  • when pregnant women lying supine: heavy uterus compresses vena cava and aorta and cardiac output decreases
74
Q

What is the term for the soft blowing sound heard when uterus is auscultated?

A
  • uterine souffle
75
Q

What is funic souffle?

A
  • synchronous with fetal heart rate
  • is caused by fetal blood coursing through umbilical cord

NS 7100 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions