Module 4 Overview (Nutrition, Transport, Homeostasis)

Question 1

What is WATER POTENTIAL?

Answer 1

WATER POTENTIAL refers to the movement of water between two systems, particularly the difference in POTENTIAL ENERGY of PURE WATER and a DIFFERENT SAMPLE

Question 2

DESCRIBE the formula for WATER POTENTIAL

Answer 2

Ψsys = Ψp + Ψs
-Ψp = pressure potential
-Ψs = solute potential
-Ψsys = overall water potential

Question 3

How do variations in PRESSURE POTENTIAL influence WATER POTENTIAL? What about SOLUTE POTENTIAL?

Answer 3

SOLUTE POTENTIAL (INC SOLUTE, DEC WATER POT; DEC SOLUTE, INC WATER POT)
PRESSURE POTENTIAL (INC PRES, INC WATER POT: DEC PRES, DEC WATER POT)

Question 4

How does WATER POTENTIAL help with the MOVEMENT OF WATER & MINERALS

Answer 4

Water MOVES FROM AREAS OF HIGH TO LOW WATER POTENTIAL
WATER POTENTIAL OF PARTS OF PLANT GETS MORE NEGATIVE AS YOU GET HIGHER, CONSTANTLY DRAWING WATER AND MINERALS UPWARDS

Question 5

WHAT are the THREE POSSIBLE ROUTES that water absorbed by the ROOT HAIR WILL TAKE before reaching the XYLEM?

Answer 5

symplast - SHARED CYTOPLASM - MOVE FROM ONE CYTOPLASM TO NEXT THROUGH PLASMODESMATA
transmembrane pathway - MOVES THROUGH WATER CHANNELS PRESENT IN CELL MEMBRANES ACROSS MULTIPLE CELLS
apoplast - MOVE THROUGH PORPOUS CELL WALLS, NOT THROUGH PLASMA MEMBRANE
(https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.gatech.edu/dist/6/1810/files/2018/03/1200px-Apoplast_and_symplast_pathways.jpg)

Question 6

What part of the PLANT ONLY ALLOWS FOR NEEDED MATERIALS FOR THE ROOT to pass through the ENDODERMIS INTO STELE (VASULAR COMPONENT OF ROOT)

Answer 6

CASPARIAN STRIP

Question 7

What are the THREE HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE NATURE OF WATER MOVEMENT UP AGAINST A PLANT?

Answer 7

1: ROOT PRESSURE PUSHES WATER UP
2: CAPILLARY ACTION DRAWS THE WATER WITHIN THE XYLEM
3: COHESION-TENSION PULLS WATER UP FROM XYLEM

Question 8

What is TRANSLOCATION?

Answer 8

The movement of sugars via PHLOEM in a plant

Question 9

Describe the PRESSURE FLOW MODEL

Answer 9

HIGH concentration of sucrose at SOURCE —> LOW SOLUTE POTENTIAL —-> WATER from XYLEM ENTERS BY DIFFUSION (PASSIVE) —-> INC TURGOR PRESSRURE (Ψp UP) and WATER POTENTIAL (Ψsys)—> PHLOEM DRIVEN TO SINK —> SUGARS ARE RAPIDLY MOVED OUT FROM SINK TO SUPPORT PROCESSES —-> INC Ψs —> water LEAVES PHLOEM AND GOES BACK TO XYLEM —> DEC Ψp

Question 10

HOW do DIFFERENT SUGAR CONCENTRATIONS at SOURCES and different TYPES OF SINKS affect TRANSPORT PATHWAYS?

Answer 10

IF SUGAR IN HIGH ABUNDANCE AT THE SINK, ACTIVE TRANSPORT NEEDED TO DISPLACE SUGAR AT SINK (PROTON-SUCROSE TRANSPORTER!) if SUGAR LOW AT SINK, DIFFUSION OCCURS

Question 11

Describe the components of an INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT

Answer 11

An incomplete digestive tract is characterized by a gastrovascual cavity with only a SINGLE OPENING FOR DIGESTION, wherein the opening acts as both the MOUTH and ANUS

Question 12

In an INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT, how is FOOD BROKEN DOWN?

Answer 12

CELLS within cavity SECRETE ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN MATERAL - FOOD PARTICLES then INGESTED BY CELLS LINING CAVITY

Question 13

IS the ALIMNETARY CANAL a COMPLETE or INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT? Explain.

Answer 13

The Alimentary Canal is the simplest form of a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT in INVERTEBRATES, in which this canal/tube contains two openings wherein one serves as a MOUTH and the other as an ANUS.
In more detail, food is INGESTED THROUGH MOUTH, passed through ESOPHAGUS and stored in an organ (CROP), and then PROCESSED/DIGESTED IN GIZZARD and later WASTE passes through ANUS AS CASTINGS (feces) —–> EX: EARTHWORMS

Question 14

T/F: All VERTEBRATES are CHARACTERIZED by their HIGHLY EFFICIENT, MONOGASTRIC, COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACTS

Answer 14

FALSE!
Though all vertebrates share a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACTS, different vertebrates have different NUMBERS OF CHAMBERS IN THEIR STOMACHS depending on their dietary needs (so NOT ALL OF THEM ARE MONOGASTRIC!)

Question 15

Describe the PASSAGE OF FOOD through a MONGASTRIC SYSTEM

Answer 15

MONGASTRIC SYSTEMS refer to a “single-chambered” stomach, and are found within humans among other animal species.

The passage of food begins with ingestion in the MOUTH, wherein TEETH used to MASTICATE food and SALIVA’S ENZYMES BREAK IT DOWN —–> passes through the ESOPHAGUS through PERISTALSIS (MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS) —> hella low pH IN STOMACH FURTHER BREAKS DOWN FOOD —-> FOOD FURTHER BROKEN DOWN IN SMALL INTESTINE WITH ENZYMES produced from LIVER, PANCREAS, AND SMALL INTESTINE —> NUTRIENTS EXTRACTED AND ABSORBED INTO BLOODSTREAM BY EPITHELIAL CELLS, waste taken to LARGE INTESTINE where water absorbed and dry waste packed as feces and passes through RECTUM

Question 16

Describe the PASSAGE OF FOOD in an AVIAN’S BODY

Answer 16

To be able to FLY, birds need to maintain their high metabolic rates and low body weights —> translates to the need for eating and passing food quite frequently
To do this in the most efficient manner, birds have a TWO-CHAMBERED STOMACH —-> PROVENTRICULUS (gastric juices released to break down food) —> GIZZARD (STORES AND MECHANICALLY GRINDS FOOD) —> PASSED TO SMALL AND THEN LARGE INTESTINE —> WASTE EXITS THROUGH CLOACA (undigested material is turned into PELLETS and usually REGURGITATED)

Question 17

Describe the DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS of RUMINANTS

Answer 17

Ruminants are typically herbivores that eat a large amount of fiber or roughage, meaning they need a system that can handle and process large quantities of CELLULOSE —-> FOUR-CHAMBERED STOMACH

FOUR-CHAMBERED STOMACH INVOLVES RUMEN, RETICULUM, ABOMASUM, OMASUM in which ABOMASUM acts as MONOGASTRIC, true STOMACH (secretes stomach juices) and the rest help with providing microbes to digest plant material and also provide more space

NO UPPER INCISOR TEETH, ONLY LOWER TO MASTICATE FOOD —> PASSES THROUGH ESOPHAGUS —-> FIRST TWO STOMACH (RUMEN AND RETICULUM) HAVE PROKARYOTES AND PROTISTS to digest cellulose fiber —> CUD FROM RETICULUM REGURGITATED AND THEN FURTHER MASTICATED —-> RESWALLOWED AND THEN PASSED THROUGH THIRD STOMACH (REMOVES WATER) —–> CUD passes to FINAL STOMACH (ABOMASUM) to be digested by ENZYMES

Question 18

What are the FOUR COMPONENTS of DIGESTION in traditional animals?

Answer 18

INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND ELIMINATION

Question 19

Why do LARGER MOLECULES (traditional CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, AND LIPIDS) need to be BROKEN DOWN?

Answer 19

The breakdown of these larger molecules in a necessity for the process of digestion and absorption, as epithelial cells cannot absorb and harness the energy and benefit from these molecules in their larger forms —> in turn, we can obtain NUTRITIONAL BALANCE

Question 20

Describe the COMPONENTS involved in the DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Answer 20

Carbonhydrates are broken down at different stages:
1) SALIVARY AMYLASE breaks down carbs into disacc (MALTOSE**) in the MOUTH, bolus travels down espohagus and the acidic pH OF STOMACH CAUSES ENZYME TO STOP (denatured)
2) IN DUODENUM (first part of SMALL INTESTINE), CHYME from STOMACH (partly digested food with acidic juices lol) mixes with juices of gallbladder, pancreas, and liver —-> AMYLASE ALSO FOUND IN PANCREATIC JUICES, BREAKS DOWN MORE STARCH INTO DISACC
3) Different DISACC broken down into MONOSACC BY DIFF ENZYMES:
SUCROSE by SUCRASE, LACTOSE by LACTASE, MALTOSE by MALTASE
4) MONOSACC can now be ABSORBED by epithelial to HARNESS ENERGYYY

Question 21

DESCRIBE the DIGESTION of PROTEINS

Answer 21

PROTEINS mainly digested in the STOMACH:
1) PEPSIN (enzyme) BREAKS DOWN proteins to PEPTIDES (short chains of AMINO ACIDS)
2) IN DUODENUM, lots of things act on the CHYME (TRYPTIN ELASTASE, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, CHYMOTRYPSIN all from PANCREAS)
3) PEPTIDASES further break down form PEPTIDE to FREE AMINO ACIDS (CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, DIPEPTIDASE, AMINOPEPTIDASE)

Question 22

What is EMULSIFICATION and why is it INTEGRAL TO LIPID DIGESTION?

Answer 22

Emulsification is the process by which BILE break down LARGE GLOBULES of LIPIDS into SMALLER GLOBULES. BILE contains BILE SALTS THAT ARE AMPHIPATHIC (HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILLIC COMPONENTS) to BREAK DOWN HYDROPHOBIC LIPIDS
If this process did not occur, lipids would aggregate into LARGER GLOBULES, making it difficult for PANCREATIC LIPASES to act on them and break them down into sizable components for digestion (GLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS) to go itno plasma membrane and epithelial cells

Question 23

Describe the COMPONENTS of the LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES

Answer 23

Fick’s Law of Diffusion can be expressed as such:
Rate of diffusion = k x A x (P2-P1)/D
k refers to the gas diffusion constant, A refers to surface area or area for gas exchange to enact upon, P2 - P1 refers to the difference in partial pressure of gases seperated by the diffusion barrier, and D refers to the distance the gases must travel to diffuse (thickness of diffusion barrier)

Question 24

In which direction do GASES move or diffuse?

Answer 24

From areas of HIGH CONCETRATION to areas of LOW CONCENTRATION

Question 25

In what types of organisms is GAS EXCHANGE by DIRECT DIFFUSION efficient?

Answer 25

Organisms that are smaller than 1 mm in diameter are able to efficiently use DIRECT DIFFUSION as a mechanism for gas exchange as all CELLS of their bodies are close enough to the EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT and the CELLS are kept moist - this allows for the ease of direct diffusion in this case.

Question 26

How do EARTHWORMS and AMPHIBIANS (for example) use their SKIN as a meaningful RESPIRATORY ORGAN?

Answer 26

Within these organisms is a POWERFUL AND STRONG BED OF CAPILLARIES that facillitate gas exchange between the EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM —> respiratory surface needs to be kept surface to promote diffusion and allow for the gases to dissolve

Question 27

DESCRIBE the REASONING for why GILLS are considered to be the MOST EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN EXCHANGING GASES

Answer 27

It’s important to first recognize that in water, the CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN IS MUCH LOWER than that in air —> gills are HIGHLY EFFICIENT because they allow for water-based bodies to take in DISSOLVED OXYGEN FROM THE WATER RAPIDLY and ALLOWS FOR THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO USE NEWLY OXYGENATED BLOOD IT FOR OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY.
DUE TO CONSTANT PARTIAL PRESSURE DIFFERENCES and CONSTANT FLOW OF GAS ACROSS GAS_EXCHANGE MEMBRANE —> gills MOST EFFICIENT
Specifically, GILLS carry BLOOD WITH LOW OXYGEN CONTENT, and DISSOLVED OXYGEN OUTSIDE IN MORE CONCENTRATED —> DIFFUSES IN while the CARBON DIOXIDE THAT WAS HIGH INSIDE DIFFUSES OUT TO THE LOWER CONCENTRATION IN THE WATER

Question 28

Describe the REASONING for why TRACHAEL SYSTEMS are considered to be the MOST EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM in getting OXYGEN TO RESPIRATORY SITES

Answer 28

IN INSECTS, TRACHAEL SYSTEM IS INDEPENDENT OF CIRCUALTORY SYSTEM, meaning the circulatory system in not INTEGRAL TO THE MOVEMENT OF GASES —> SINCE GASES CAN DIFFUSES DIRECTLY FROM THE TRACHAEL SYSTEM TO THE PLACES THEY NEED TO BE, IT’S FAR MORE EFFICIENT
In particular, insect bodies have these openings called SPIRACLES along the THORAX AND ABDOMEN, which connect to the TUBULAR, CHITIN NETWORK of the TRACHAEL SYSTEM —-> OXYGEN PASSES INTO BODY AND EASY REGULATION OF WATER VAPOR AND CO2

Question 29

What are the iMPORTANT FUNCTIONS of INHALATION?

Answer 29

• Bringing OXYGEN into the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  -As AIR PASSES THRO NASAL CAVITY, IT IS WARMED AND HUMIDIFIED (dry air would harm the lungs)
• SIFTS THRO PARTICULATE MATTER WITH MUCUS AND CILLIA and prevents DAMAGE TO TRACHEA AND LUNGS

Question 30

Describe the FUNCTION and STRUCTURE of the TRACHEA

Answer 30

The TRACHEA is meant to funnel INHALED AIR TO THE LUNGS and EXHALED AIR back OUT OF THE BODY. The TRACHEA is a CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURE made from INCOMPLETE RINGS OF HALINE CARTILAGE (PROVIDES STRENGTH AND SUPPORT TO TRACHEAL FUNCTION AND PASSAGEWAY) and SMOOTH MUSCLE(CONTRACTS or RELAXES in response to EXTERNAL STIMULI OR NERVOUS SYSTEM, causes COUGHING when it CONTRACTS and expired air RUSHES UP) that sits IN FRONT OF ESOPHAGUS and SPLITS into TWO PRIMARY BRONCHI at MIDTHORAX. It is LINED with mucus-porducing GOBLET CELLS and CILLIATED EPITHELIA (moves mucus-trapped foreign particles to PHARYNX)

Question 31

T/F: The TWO LUNGS of the MAMMALIAN SYSTEM are NOT THE SAME

Answer 31

True!
The RIGHT LUNG IS LARGER AND CONTAINS THREE LOBES and the LEFT has ONLY TWO LOBES

Question 32

Describe the iMPORTANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP between the CAPILLARIES and ALVEOLI

Answer 32

Recognize that TRUE GAS EXCHANGE ONLY OCCURS in these TINY BUBBLES (ALVEOLI), and these BUBBLES are in DIRECT CONTACT with the CAPILLARIES of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM in order for OXYGEN TO DIFFUSE INTO THE BLOOD, and CO2 from the BLOOD will come into the ALVEOLI to be EXHALED

Question 33

How DOES MAMMALIAN GAS EXHANGE take ADVANTAGE OF THE DRIVING FORCES FOR DIFFUSION (consider FICK’S LAW)

Answer 33

The NUMEROUS ALVEOLI have thin walls made from PARANCHYMAL CELLS (lessens distance between moving gases and their destinations), and the ORGANIZATION OF THE THOUSANDS OF ALVEOLI generates a LARGE SURFACE AREA for EASIER GAS EXCHANGE

Question 34

Describe HOW THE NATURE OF AVIAN BREATHING PATTERNS allow for EASY GAS EXHCHANGE at HIGH ALTITUDES

Answer 34

Because FLYING is ENERGY-INTENSIVE, BIRDS require a lot of OXYGEN to support their daily activities and lifestyles. In order to combat this demand, birds have both LUNGS and AIR SACS. Though LUNGS perform siliar function to that of MAMMALIAN LUNG SYSTEMS, the AIR SACS are UNIQUE wherein AIR FLOW IS UNIDRECTIONAL (from posterior to anterior air sacs) —-> this flow is OPPOSITE BLOOD FLOW, allowing for more EFFICIENT GAS EXCHANGE. The pattern of this flow makes it so that it takes TWO CYCLES for exhalation and AIR INTAKE to completely EXIT THE LUNGS

Question 35

T/F A MAJORITY OF OXYGEN is DISSOLVED INTO BLOOD while a SMALLER PORTION is TRANSPORTED BY HEMOGLOBIN

Answer 35

FALSE!
The majority of OXYGEN IS BOUND TO HEMOGLOBIN and TRANSPORTED IN THIS MANNER TOWARDS THE TISSUES

Question 36

Why is ARTERIAL BLOOD brighter RED than VENOUS BLOOD?

Answer 36

Arterial BLOOD carries hemoglobin bounded to oxygen —> OXYGEN MAKES THE COLOR OF BLOOD HERE BRIGHTER, while VENOUS BLOOD that is DEOXYGENATED and DARKER

Question 37

WHICH OXYGEN is HARDEST TO BIND TO THE HEMOGLOBIN? WHY?

Answer 37

The FIRST OXYGEN is the hardest to bind to HEMOGLOBIN because the molecule has to undergo CONFORMATION CHANGES to bind —> COOPERATIVE BINDING GENERALLY makes it so that later OXYGENS are able to bind with more ease.

Question 38

If the KIDNEYS FAILS, what would happen to BLOOD pH and to HEMOGLOBIN AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN?

Answer 38

KIDNEYS are responsible for disposing of EXCESS H+ IONS from the BLOOD, if they REMAIN, the BLOOD pH WILL DECREASE, and HEMOGLOBIN’S AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN WILL DECREASE as OXYGEN WILL DISASSOCIATE from the HEMOGLOBIN
(https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/3206/2018/05/04133625/Figure_39_04_02.png)

Question 39

Describe the DIFFERENCE between CLOSED and OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

Answer 39

A CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is one in which BLOOD is CONTAINED BY BLOOD VESSELS and TRAVELS IN ONE DIRECTION FROM HEART AROUND THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATORY ROUTE (it’s a ONE WAY ROAD!).
In contrast, a OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is one in which BLOOD IS NOT CONFINED IN BLOOD VESSELS and is instead pumped into a OPEN CAVITY (HEMOCOEL) wherein the BLOOD MIXES WITH INTERTESTINAL FLUID —> this mixture is known as HEMOLYMPH! As the BODY MOVES and the HEART BEATS, hemolymph CIRCULATES ORGANS and re-enters the hearts THROUGH OPENINGS (“OSTIA”)

Question 40

Describe the BASIC STRUCTURE of the FISH’S CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Answer 40

SIMPLEST VERTEBRATE SYSTEM: blood flows IN ONE DIRECTION from TWO CHAMBERED HEART (ONE VETRICLE, ONE ATRIUM) through GILLS (GILL CIRCULATION: ATRIUM (BLOOD STORAGE) –> VENTRICLE —> GILLS (GAS EXCHANGE) —> REST OF BODY —> ATRIUM)

Question 41

Describe the BASIC STRUCTURE of the AMPHIBIAN’S CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Answer 41

TWO CIRCULATORY ROUTES: one for BLOOD OXYGENATION THROUGH LUNGS AND SKIN (PULMONARY CIRCULATION), and then one to TAKE OXYGEN TO REST OF BODY AND BRAIN (SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION). The blood is pumped from a three-chambered heart (TWO ATRIA (superior heart chambers) , SINGLE VENTRICLE (anterior heart chambers))
–> NOTE: GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH SKIN is called PULMACUTANEOUS CIRCULATION

Question 42

Describe the BASIC STRUCTURE of the MAMMALIAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Answer 42

LIKE AMPHIBIANS, TWO CIRCULATORY ROUTES, THREE-CHAMBERED HEART
DIFFERENCES: Blood is only OXYGENATED THROUGH LUNGS (not skin), VENTRICLES ARE PARTIALLY SEPERATED (PARTIAL SEPTUM) decreases the amount of MIXING IN VENTRICLE.
SOME REPTILES, though, acts like PRIMITIVE CARRIERS OF FOUR HEARTS (ex: CROCODILES, BIRDS)

Question 43

Describe the BASIC STRUCTURE of the REPTILIAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Answer 43

FOUR CHAMBERED HEART (TWO ATRIA, TWO VENTRICLES) that COMPLETELY SEPERATES OXGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD. It pumps only OXYGENATED BLOOD through BODY and DEOXYGENATED blood to LUNGS (MOST EFFICIENT CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)

Question 44

WHY ARE AMPHIBIANS QUOTED TO HAVE “DOUBLE CIRCULATION? What are the DRAWBACKS to this SYSTEM?

Answer 44

Each ATRIA has its OWN SUPPLY OF BLOOD, and these supplies MIX IN THE VENTRICLE. A RIDGE MECHANISM helps with diverting the supply of MIXED BLOOD —> OXYGENATED BLOOD FOR SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION, DEOXYGENATED BLOOD SENT TO PULMONARY/PULMACUTANEOUS CIRCUIT. This diversion is why AMPHIBIANS are considered to have DOUBLE CIRCULATION.
The issue with this is that the mixing in the ventricle decreases the EFFICIENCY OF OXYGENATION —> the high pressure, though, allows for the movement of blood to the LUNGS and BODY

Question 45

T/F The evolution of the FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART of MAMMALS and BIRDS evolved through the process of DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

Answer 45

FALSE!
This is an example of CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, in which both BIRDS and MAMMALS evolved their FOUR-CHAMBERED HEARTS seperately rather than through a COMMON ANCESTOR

Question 46

What is the PURPOSE of ANCLEATED RED BLOOD CELLS in MAMMALS? What are the PROS and CONS?

Answer 46

As the only species that has anculeated red blood cells (they also have nucleated too in some*), it begs the question of why anucleated. The reason lies in the nature of oxygen transport, hemoglobin. Anucleated cells allows for more space for hemoglobin to be packed inside and also undergo AEROBIC RESPIRATION, making OXYGEN TRANSPORT MORE EFFICIENT.
A PROBLEM with them, though, is that anucleated cells cannot undergo mitosis like their nucleated partners.

Question 47

T/F Hemoglobin is universal in all organisms in its purpose.

Answer 47

FALSE!
Not all organisms use HEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN TRANSPORT (insects and invertebrates use different PIGMENTS that have difference oxygen binding capacities).

Question 48

How does NITROGLYCERIN work as a HEART MEDICATION?

Answer 48

To begin, hemoglobin has the capacity to bind NITROUS OXIDE (NO), which acts a vasodilator that relaxes capillaries and blood vessels and can be helpful in aiding GAS EXCHANGE in NARROW PASSAGES - nitroglycerin takes advantage of this to help with heart attacks and angina by relaxing the blood vessels and supporting oxygen flow

Question 49

Describe the DIFFERENCE between CORONARY, PULMONARY, and SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Answer 49

PULMONARY - BLOOD TO LUNGS AND HEART
CORONARY - VESSELS THAT SERVE THE HEART SOLELY
SYSTEMIC - TO THE REST OF THE BODY

Question 50

Why is the HEART ASYMMETRICAL?

Answer 50

THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART —> SMALLER, ONLY NEEDS TO PUMP BLOOD IN PULMONARY CIRCUIT (ONE ATRIUM, ONE VENTRICLE)
THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART —> LARGER, NEEDS TO PUMP BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY (ONE ATRIUM, ONE VENTRICLE)

Question 51

Where are the THREE PLACES that the RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD?

Answer 51

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA, drains blood from jugular vein and brain
INFERIOR VENA CAVA, drains blood from veins from LOWER ORGANS and LEGS
CORONORY SINUS, blood recycled from the heart itself

Question 52

Describe the COMPONENTS and REASONS for the LUB-DUB SOUND

Answer 52

THE “LUB” is from the MITRAL AND TRICUSPID VALVES closing off the BLOOD IN THE LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLE RESPECTIVELY (VENTRICLES MUCH CONTRACT to BUILD PRESSURE to PUMP BLOOD OUT) —> SYSTOLE!
THE “DUB” is from the AORTIC AND PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE CLOSING at the beginning of DIASTOLE (VENTRICLES RELAX to receive the next batch of blood)