Module 4 MiniModule 2: Fleas and Flea Allergy Dermatitis Flashcards
Etiology
List the of flea species important in the USA:
- Most common: Ctenocephalides felis felis (cat flea)**
- Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea)
- Pulex spp.
- Pulex irritans (human flea)
- Pulex simulans - Echidnophaga gallinacean (poultry sticktight flea)
- Pearly white, oval with rounded ends, 0.5 mm long
- Lays eggs on host, then fall into environment
- Hatch within 1-10 days
This is describing …
C. felis flea egg
- Negatively phototactic (doesn’t like light), positively geotrophic
- Undergo 2 molts before developing into pupal stage
- Stage is 5-11 days, depending on food/climate
- Susceptible to heat and desiccation
This is describing …
C. felis flea larvae
What is the only life stage of C. felis that is not affected by flea treatments?
Pupa
- Larva produces a silk-like cocoon; ovoid, 0.5 cm long, whitish, loosely spun, sticky
- Carpet, bedding, under furniture, soil
- Flea emerges in 5-8 days; proper stimulation = physical pressure, CO2, heat
- Fully formed adult flea that resides in cocoon (preemerged adult) may survive for several weeks (up to 140 days if desiccation prevented)
This is describing …
C. felis Pupa
What is the only stage of C. felis that spends its entire life on the host?
C. felis Adult flea
- Begin feeding (blood) within seconds
- Mating occurs in the first 8-24 hrs
- Producing eggs within 36 to 48 hrs of their first blood meal, may lay 20 eggs/day, continue for 100 days
- 21 day life cycle, one female, 20 eggs/day, 50% hatch into females, responsible for >20,000 adults, >160,000 preadults in 60 days
This is describing …
C. felis adult flea
- Hypersensitivity to flea saliva
- 15 different antigens
- Type I (immediate IgE hypersensitivity)
- Type IV
This is describing the pathogenesis of …
Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD)
List the Clinical Signs of Canine FAD:
- Most common age of onset is 1 to 5 yrs
- It is rare but possible for them to develop signs at < 6 months
- Papules (pyoderma, primary lesion)
- Develop into crusts
- Very pruritic
- Self- inflicted lesions (Excoriations, alopecia, lichenification, scaling) - Location (Affected sites)
- Dorsal lumbosacral
- Caudomedial thighs
- Ventral abdomen
- Flanks - Pyotraumatic dermatitis (“hot spots”)
List the 3 most pruritic skin diseases of the dog:
- Sarcoptic mange
- FAD
- CAFR
List Clinical Signs of Feline FAD:
- Military Dermitis (crusted papules, not a disease)
- Head and neck pruritus
- Non-inflammatory alopecia
- Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex
List the Diagnosis of FAD:
- Presence of Flea/flea dirt
- Tapeworm
Environmental Flea Control
- Active ingredients that prevent the egg from hatching
Ovicidal
Environmental Flea Control
- Active ingredients that prevent larval development
Lavicidal
- Active ingredients that target adult flea
Adulticidal Activity
What is the spectrum activity of spinosad?
Adult flea
What is the spectrum activity of milbemycin oxime?
Heartworm, hookworm, roundworm, whipworm
Imidacloprid kills adult fleas in _______ hours
12
Environmental Flea Control:
- Inhibit the development of the immature stages: larva cannot pupate; ovicidal
- Flea larva, flea egg
- NOT ADULTICIDES
- Methoprene
- Pyriproxyfen
- Product:
- Outdoor/indoor spray
- On-animal topical spot-ons
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
Environmental Flea Control:
- Oral
- Flea larva, flea egg
- NOT ADULTICIDE
- Inhibition of flea development (IDI)
Lufenuron
Flea Adulticides:
- Viscous nonpolar compounds
- Derived from Chrysanthemum
- Quick activity, little residual
- Rapidly inactivated in UV light
- Low mammalian toxicity, relatively safe for cats/young
- Adult Flea
Pyrethrins (not very potent)
Flea Adulticides:
- More stable, higher potency than pyrethrins
- Quick kill, stable in UV light
- High concentrations toxic to CATS – However, some are approved in cats
- Topical
- Adult fleas , Ticks
Synthetic Pyrethroids
(permethrin, tetramethrin, sumithrin, cyphenothrin, flumethrin, etofenprox - approved in cats)
Flea Adulticides:
- Chloronicotinyl nitroguanidine
- Advantage II, K-9 Advantix II, Advantage Multi, Seresto Collar: Elanco
- Topical monthly/collar
- Translocates over the body with no systemic absorption
- Adult flea, flea larva, flea egg
- Kills adult fleas in 12 hrs
Imidacloprid
Flea Adulticides:
- Phenylpyrazole
- Frontline Plus, Frontline Gold, Frontline Shield for Dogs, Boehringer Ingelheim
- Effitix Plus, Effipro Plus, Virbac
- Applied as a topical solution monthly
- Concentrates in the sebaceous secretions, slowly released
- Adult fleas, flea larvae, ticks
- Kills adult fleas in 24 hrs
Fipronil
Flea Adulticides:
- Semi-synthetic avermectin
- Revolution, Zoetis
- RevolutionPlus, Zoetis
- Topical monthly
- Adult flea, flea larva, flea egg
- Kills fleas in dogs in 36 hrs
- Kills fleas in cats in 24 hrs
Selamectin
Flea Adulticides:
- Transdermally absorbed, circulates in the bloodstream, concentrates in sebaceous glands, stored as a reservoir
- Efficacy
- Adul flea, flea larva, flea egg
- Heartworm, and ear mites
- Sarcoptic mange and (not really used for this) ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in dogs
- Hookworm and roundworm in cats
Selamectin
Flea Adulticides:
- Neonicotinoid
- Capstar, Elanco
- Oral
- Adult flea
- Begins killing fleas in 30 mins
- Kills adult fleas in:
- 4 hours on dogs
- 6 hours on cats
- Drug eliminated in 24 hrs
- Can be administered daily
Nitenpyram
Flea adulticides:
- Novel third-generation neonicotinoid
- Vectra 3D (dog), Vectra (dog and puppy), Vectra (cat and kitten), Catego (cat and kitten), Ceva Animal Health
- Topical monthly
- Adult flea
- Kills adult fleas in 6 hours
Dinotefuran
Flea Adulticides:
Insecticide produced from a family of natural products derived from the fermentation of the actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa
- Comfortis, Trifexis, Elanco
- Oral
Spinosad
Flea Adulticides:
Similar to spinosad, but partially synthetic
- Cheristin Elanco
- Topical
Spinetoram
Flea Adulticides:
- Isoxazoline chemical class
- NexGard Chewables, Boehringer Ingelheim
- Chewable “beef” (soy) flavored tablet - Monthly
- Dogs: 8 weeks or older
- Adult fleas, ticks
- Adult fleas killed in 24 hrs
- caution in dogs with a history of seizures
Afoxolaner
Flea Adulticides:
- Isoxazoline chemical class
- Adult fleas, ticks
- Chewable pork liver flavor tablet; Solution
- Caution in animals with history of seizures
- Adult fleas killed in 12 hrs
Fluralaner
Flea Adulticides:
- Isoxazoline chemical class
- Chewable pork liver flavor tablet/Solution-Monthly
- Dogs and cats
- Adult fleas, ticks
- Adult fleas killed in 8 hrs
Sarolaner
Flea Adulticides:
- Isoxazoline chemical class
- Dogs and cats
- Adult fleas, ticks
- Adult fleas killed in 12 hrs
Lotilaner
List the “Environmental” targeting flea larva, flea egg:
- Methoprene
- Pyriproxifen
- Lufenuron
List the Adulticides targeting only Adult fleas:
- Nitenpyram
- Dinotefuran
- Spinosad/spinoteram
List the Adulticides targeting only Adult fleas & Ticks:
- Afoxolaner
- Fluralaner
- Sarolaner
- Lotilaner
Flea Life Cycle:
Which life stage is not affected by parasiticides?
Pupa
Flea Life Cycle:
Which life stage spends its entire life on the animal?
Adult
Flea Life Cycle:
Which life stage is negatively phototactic, positively geotrophic?
Larva
Flea Life Cycle:
Which life stage is in largest numbers in the environment?
egg
Flea Medications:
Monthly flea control for a dog on a food trial
Frontline Gold
Flea Medications;
Dog needing oral tick control
Nexgard
Flea Medication:
Dog with fleas identified during a physical exam at the veterinarians
Capstar
Spectrum of Activity Active ingredients:
Pyriproxifen
Flea larva, flea egg
Spectrum of Activity Active ingredients:
Imidacloprid
Adult flea, flea larva, flea egg
Spectrum of Activity Active ingredients:
Nitenpyram
Adult fleas
Spectrum of Activity Active ingredients:
Afoxolaner
Adult flea, ticks
Spectrum of Activity Active ingredients:
Praziquantel
Tapeworms
Spectrum of Activity Active ingredients:
Milbemycin oxime
Heartworm, hookworm, roundworm, whipworm
