Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Module 4 - Membrane Potential > Flashcards

Module 4 - Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons communicate at

A

Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

There are 2 kinds of synapses

A

Electrical and chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(Afferent/Efferent) neurons carry signals TO the brain

A

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Efferent neurons are divided into these 2 categories

A

Motor neurons and autonomic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autonomic neurons are divided into these 2 branches

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The PNS is AKA

A

Visceral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This 3rd nervous system resides in the digestive tract

A

Enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS are called

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Efferent neurons have very large axon endings called

A

Axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Axons of both efferent and afferent neurons are bundled up in cords of connective tissue and called

A

Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nerves that carry only afferent signals are

A

Sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nerves that carry only efferent signals are

A

Motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nerves that carry both afferent and efferent signals are

A

Mixed nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This nerve runs from the spinal cord to the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The neuron cell body is AKA

A

the cell soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A thin, branched process of a neuron that receives incoming signals from neighboring cells

A

Dendrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

These thin processes branch off dendrites to ^SA and play a huge role in neurodegenerative diseases

A

Dendritic spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A single axon originates from the neuron cell body from this

A

Axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Branched process of the neuron cell body that carries out electrical signals to target cells

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At the distal end of an axon, the electrical signal usually turns into this kind of signal, which releases secretion of chemical molecules in the synapse

A

Chemical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Since most of an axon’s proteins/cell components are made in the neuron cell body, necessary items are delivered to the axon via:

A

Axonal transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The difference between fast and slow axonal transport is:

(Remember analogy)

A

Fast axonal transport is like driving on a highway (very fast), and slow axonal transport is like driving on a road with lots of stop lights (stop-and-go)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Region where an axon terminal meets its target cell is the

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The neuron that delivers a signal to the synapse is the

A

Presynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The neuron that receives the signal is the

A

Postsynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The narrow space between 2 cells is the

A

Synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

This kind of synapse occurs when the presynaptic cell releases chemical messengers that cross the synaptic cleft and bind to membrane receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

A

Chemical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

These synapses pass an electrical current directly from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron via gap junction proteins

A

Electrical synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Survival of neuronal pathways and the chemicals secreted by Schwann cells to keep damaged neurons alive are

A

Neurotrophic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Once a synapse forms, is it permanent?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

These cells communicate with neurons and provide biochemical and structural support

A

Glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Schwann cells are in the (PNS/CNS)

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Oligodendrocytes are in the (PNS/CNS)

A

PNS

35
Q

Schwann cells/Oligodendrocytes wrap tightly around axons to create physical support, insulation, and speed up signal transmission in the form of

A

Myelin

36
Q

The tiny gaps each Schwann cell leaves in between their wrappings is called a

A

Node of Ranvier

37
Q

The PNS has 2 types of glial cells:

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

38
Q

The CNA has 4 types of glial cells:

A

Microglia
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

39
Q

This glial cell is nonmyelinating and forms supportive capsules around neuron cell bodies in the PNS

A

Satellite cells

40
Q

A knot/collection of nerve cell bodies found in the PNS

A

Ganglion

41
Q

These CNS glial cells can communicate with neurons and can wrap around blood vessels, contributing to the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

These CNS glial cells are immune cells that remove damaged cells and foreign invaders

A

Microglia

43
Q

These CNS glial cells form the selectively-permeable epithelial layer which separate the fluid compartments

A

Ependymal cells

44
Q

Immature cells that can differentiate into neurons and glial cells

A

Neural stem cells

45
Q

The resting membrane potential of living cells is primarily determined by this ion

A

K+

46
Q

When there is a rapid influx of Na+ inside the neuron, this will “ “ the cell

A

Depolarize

47
Q

If the cell becomes more permeable to K+, it will “ “ the cell

A

Hyperpolarize

48
Q

This is the charge on a cell at rest

A

-70mV

49
Q

Neurocrine receptors can be split into 2 categories:

A

Receptor-channels and G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

50
Q

This neurocrine receptor works rapidly by altering ion flow across a membrane

A

Receptor channels
AKA ionotropic receptors

51
Q

This neurocrine receptor works a lot slower because it must include a secondary messenger system

A

G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
AKA Metabotropic receptors

52
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized from

A

choline and Acetyl Co-A

53
Q

Neurons that secrete ACh and receptors that bind to ACh are described as

A

cholinergic

54
Q

Cholinergic receptors come in 2 main subtypes:

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

55
Q

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are these kinds of receptors:

A

Receptor channels

56
Q

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are these kinds of receptors:

A

G-Protein coupled receptor

57
Q

This amine neurotransmitter is derived from the animo acid tryptophan

A

Serotonin

58
Q

This amine neurotransmitter is made from histidine and is released during an allergic reaction

A

Histamine

59
Q

The amino acid tyrosine is converted to

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

60
Q

Neurons that secrete norepinephrine are called

A

Adrenergic neurons

61
Q

Another name for epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

62
Q

Adrenergic receptors are placed into these two categories

A

Alpha and Beta receptors

63
Q

Adrenergic receptors are these kinds of receptors:
The 2 subtypes of receptors (alpha and beta) are the different secondary pathways

A

G protein receptors

64
Q

This is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS
(An amino acid)

A

Glutamate

65
Q

These neurotransmitters depolarize their target cells by opening ion channels, allowing influx of cations into the cell

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

66
Q

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

67
Q

These neurotransmitters hyperpolarize their target cells by opening Cl- ion channels, allowing Cl- to enter cell

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

68
Q

This glutamate receptor is a ligand-gated cation channel, resulting in NA+ INFLUX WHEN STIMULAATED

A

AMPA Receptors

69
Q

This glutamate receptor is a non-selective cation channel and only opens when the cell is depolarized

A

NMDA Receptors

70
Q

This peptide is involved in pain pathways

A

Substance P

71
Q

This peptide mediates pain releif

A

Opioid Peptides

72
Q

There are 2 kinds of opioid peptides

A

Enkephalins and Endorphins

73
Q

These peptides function as both neurotransmitters and neurohormones (x3)

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Vasopressin
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

74
Q

These are 3 examples or purines

A

Adenosine
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

75
Q

Purines bind to these receptors

A

Purinergic receptors

76
Q

Purinergic receptors are these kinds of receptors

A

G-Protein coupled receptors

77
Q

This is the only gas-neurotransmitter that does not need a receptor

A

Nitric oxide

78
Q

Lipids bind to these receptors

A

Cannabinoid Receptors

79
Q

This cannabinoid receptor is found in the brain

A

CB1

80
Q

This cannabinoid receptor is found on immune cells

A

CB2

81
Q

Small secretory vesicles that release neurotransmitter at the synapse

A

Synaptic vessicles

82
Q

In transmission degradation, Acetylcholine is broken down into what 2 products?

By which enzyme?

A

Broken down into choline and Acetyl CoA by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

83
Q

Amine neurotransmitters are broken down by this emzyme

A

monoamine oxidase

Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions