module 4: learning outcomes

Question 1

describe the major structures of a juxtamedullary nephron and discuss the importance of each section w respect to reabsorption and secretion

Question 2

describe blood low through the kidneys and its physiological importance in the generation of urine

Question 3

using your knowledge of osmotic gradients, describe how the kidney can make urine either more dilute or more concentrated than other bodily fluids

Question 4

using dehydration as an example, describe the physiological responses and processes that occur in order to reduce water loss through urine production

Question 5

identify the major fluid compartments and describe how they are interrelated

Question 6

compare and contrast short-term vs long-term control of the extracellular fluid

Question 7

describe the differences between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic, and how cells in each of these solutions would be affected

Question 8

describe the pathways involved in the regulation of water balance in terms of intake and output

Question 9

Identify the major fluid compartments and describe how they are interrelated

Question 10

Compare and contrast short-term vs. long-term control of the extracellular fluid

Question 11

Describe the differences between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic, and how cells in each of these solutions would be affected

Question 12

Describe the pathways involved in the regulation of water balance in terms of intake and output

Question 13

Describe the roles of the kidneys

Question 14

Describe the major structural components of a nephron

Question 15

Describe the basic renal processes involved in urine excretion

Question 16

Describe the forces that regulate glomerular filtration

Question 17

Describe how glomerular filtration is regulated by the body, both intrinsically and extrinsically

Question 18

Explain why the kidneys receive a greater proportion of cardiac output, relative to its weight

Question 19

Describe the process of transepithelial transport using sodium as an example

Question 20

Describe how the reabsorption of sodium is regulated

Question 21

Define TM and explain why it is important in the reabsorption of necessary substances

Question 22

Describe the reabsorption of water along the entire tubule

Question 23

Describe the secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions

Question 24

Describe why it is necessary to secrete organic anions and cations

Question 25

Describe what is meant by plasma clearance

Question 26

Describe what is meant by the vertical osmotic gradient and why it is important; Describe the role of the loop of Henle and why its structure is important for its function

Question 27

Describe countercurrent exchange

Question 28

Describe water reabsorption and its regulation in the DCT (not an objective, just explained a lot)

Question 29

Describe the micturition reflex