Module 4 Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

a departure from good health caused by a malfunction of the mind or body which causes physical, mental or social problems

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2
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease

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3
Q

parasites

A

organisms that live on or in another living thing ( host ) causing it harm.

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4
Q

transmission

A

the way in which a pathogen or parasite travels from one host to another

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5
Q

vector

A

an organism which carries a pathogen from one host to another

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6
Q

immune response

A

the specific response to antigens on the cell surface membrane of a pathogen. it involves lymphocytes and the production of antibodies

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7
Q

primary defences

A

prevent pathogen from entering the body

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8
Q

secondary defences

A

attempt to kill a pathogen once it has entered the body

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9
Q

non specific

A

digests a range of pathogens

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10
Q

antigens

A

proteins/glycoproteins on the cell surface membrane of cells. foreign antigens stimulate an immune response

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11
Q

antibodies

A

proteins which identify and neutralise antigens. each is specific to a particular antigen due to the complementary shapes of the antigen and variable region

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12
Q

vaccination

A

a deliberate exposure to antigenic material which activates the immune system to make an immune response to provide immunity

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13
Q

natural immunity

A

gained in the normal course of living

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14
Q

artificial immunity

A

gained by injection which is a deliberate exposure to antibodies or antigens

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15
Q

passive immunity

A

acquired without the activation of lymphocytes, provided with antibodies not made by the persons own immune system

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16
Q

active immunity

A

acquired by the activation of the persons own immune system

17
Q

biodiversity

A

the range of habitat, the number of different species and the genetic diversity within a species within an area. it takes into account species richness and species evenness.

18
Q

species richness

A

the number of different species in the habitat

19
Q

species evenness

A

relative numbers of how many individuals of each species

20
Q

habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

21
Q

species

A

a group of organisms similar in appearance, physiology and genetics whose members are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

22
Q

classification

A

the process of sorting living things into groups of similar organisms. it reflects how closely related they are and evolutionary relationships

23
Q

taxonomy

A

the study of the principles behind classification- the study of the differences between species ( physical and genetic )

24
Q

phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms, the study of how closely related they are

25
variation
differences within a species or between species
26
adaptation
a feature that enhances survival and long term reproductive success
27
natural selection
selection by the environment of individuals that show certain favourable variations. these individuals will survive to reproduce and pass on their variations to the next generation
28
evolution
the gradual change in characteristics of a species over many generations. driven by selective pressures and natural selection
29
speciation
the formation of a new species from a pre-existing one
30
selective pressure
an external factor that drives evolution in a particular direction. it might cause competition between individuals or cause some organisms to die whilst others survive
31
extinct
no members of a species remain. it ceases to exist
32
critically endangered
likely to become extinct as species numbers have become low due to man made or natural changes in environment
33
conservation
maintaining biodiversity between species genetic diversity within species and a variety of habitats and ecosystems
34
conservation in situ
conserving a species in its natural environment
35
conservation ex situ
conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal environment