Module 4 Hypothesis Testing

Question 1

What is a research hypothesis?

Answer 1

a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research (or a question)

Question 2

What do research hypotheses look at and how?

Answer 2

The differences in groups by comparing the means of each group.

Question 3

What are the 5 steps of Hypothesis Testing?

Answer 3

1. State the null hypothesis
2. Select the level of significance
3. Choose the appropriate statistical test
4. Obtain a p-value
5. Make a decision about the null hypothesis

Question 4

What does null mean?

Answer 4

There is no difference or everything is equal

Question 5

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 5

A statement of no difference between
groups or no relationship among variables

Question 6

When do you make a null hypothesis?

Answer 6

Before your research; start by saying the groups are equal/the same

Question 7

What is being determined when finding the level of significance?

Answer 7

if the difference in the means is large enough to say it is a “significant” difference

Question 8

When is the level of significance usually set?

Answer 8

Before the study begins

Question 9

What are the most common levels of significance and which one will we use?

Answer 9

0.05 and 0.01
We use 0.05

Question 10

How do you choose which statistical test to use?

Answer 10

1. The research hypotheses
2. The number of independent and dependent variables

Question 11

What is a p-value?

Answer 11

The probability that the difference or
the relationship you found is due to chance (or the probability that the null hypothesis should be accepted)

Question 12

What is the decision if the p-value is small?

Answer 12

The difference or the relationship
is real (significant)

Question 13

What is the decision if the p-value is large?

Answer 13

The difference or the relationship
is due to chance (not significant)

Question 14

If your p-value is less than or equal to your alpha you…

Answer 14

reject the null hypothesis – the difference or relationship is significant

Question 15

If your p-value is greater than your alpha you…

Answer 15

accept the null hypothesis – the difference or relationship is due to chance and not significant

Question 16

What is Type 1 error?

Answer 16

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
true

Question 17

What is Type 2 error?

Answer 17

Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false

Question 18

How do we control Type 1 error?

Answer 18

With the alpha level (0.05 is safe)

Question 19

True or False?
A lower alpha, decreases our chance of Type 2 error.

Answer 19

False. A lower alpha, INCREASES our chance of Type 2 error.

Question 20

True or False?
Significance and meaningfulness mean the same thing.

Answer 20

False. Just because you find a significant difference or a significant relationship, that does not mean the result is meaningful.

Question 21

What is the definition of meaningfulness?

Answer 21

Does the statistical difference/relationship mean anything in the REAL WORLD?

Question 22

What are the 5 statistical tests?

Answer 22

1. Independent T-test
2. Dependent T-test
3. One-way ANOVA
4. Two-way ANOVA
5. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measure

Question 23

Describe the Independent Variable, Groups, and Dependent Variable of an INDEPENDENT T-TEST

Answer 23

Independent - 1
Group(s) - 2
Dependent -1

Question 24

Describe the Independent Variable, Groups, and Dependent Variable of a DEPENDENT T-TEST

Answer 24

Independent - 1
Group(s) - 1
Dependent - 2

Question 25

Describe the Independent Variable, Groups, and Dependent Variable of a ONE-WAY ANOVA

Answer 25

Independent - 1
Group(s) - 2+
Dependent - 1

Question 26

Describe the Independent Variable, Groups, and Dependent Variable of a TWO-WAY ANOVA

Answer 26

Independent - 2
Group(s) - 2+
Dependent - 1

Question 27

Describe the Independent Variable, Groups, and Dependent Variable of a TWO-WAY ANOVA WITH REPEATED MEASURE

Answer 27

Independent - 1
Group(s) - 2+
Dependent - 2+