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a Prometheus book FRCR Part 2A flashcards > Module 4: Gynae/ Obs / Breast > Flashcards

Module 4: Gynae/ Obs / Breast Flashcards

1
Q

how does a uterus change shape over time

A

infant - larger than expect. large cervix

prepuberyty - elongates

puberty - pear

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2
Q

Tuners syndrome gonads

A

Streaky ovaries and pre-puberty uterus

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3
Q

mullerian ducts make

A

uterus and upper 2/3 of the vagina
fallopian tubes

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4
Q

what makes the bottom 1/3 f the vagina

A

the urogenital sinsus

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5
Q

Urogenital sinus makes

A

Prostate
Lower 1/3 of the vagina

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6
Q

uterus cleavage happens in what direction

A

bottom to top

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7
Q

three types of uterine failure

A

failire to form
fail to fuse
fail to cleave

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8
Q

Uterus didelphys is what

A

seperate uterus . fail to fuse.

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9
Q

vaginal ax of uterus didelphys

A

vaginal septa

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10
Q

feature of septate uterus

A

septum remains between the two uterine cavities

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11
Q

mullerian agenesis is called what syndrome

A

Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser Syndrome

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12
Q

Features of mullerian agenesis

A

vaginal atresia

absent uterus / abnormal

normal ovaries

(often have kidney issues)

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13
Q

mullerian agenesis is a type of what uterine malfunction

A

failire to form

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14
Q

unicornate uterus is what type

and why is it painful

A

failure to form

endometrial tissue inside non communicating horn(hemi uterus)

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15
Q

complete uterine duplication is called

A

Uterus didelphys

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16
Q

DES related anomaly

A

T shaped ueterus from drug.

and vaginal clear cell carinoma

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17
Q

failure to cleave results in what

A

thick septate

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18
Q

biconruate vs septate

A

fundal contour is heart shaped in bicornuate

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19
Q

contraindications to salphyngogram

A

bleeding
infection
pregnancy
allergy

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20
Q

contraindications to salphyngogram

A

bleeding (menstruation)
infection
pregnancy
allergy

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21
Q

contraindications to salphyngogram

A

bleeding (menstruation) do d7.
infection
pregnancy
allergy

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22
Q

appearance of salpingitis isthmica nodosa

A

nodular scarring of fallopian tubes

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23
Q

features of endometritis

A

post birth
spectrum of pid

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24
Q

features of endometritis

A

post birth
spectrum of pid

thickened endometrial cavity

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25
Q

endometritis can progress to having gas and pus and is called

A

pyometrium

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26
Q

fibroids are made of

A

smooth muscle

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27
Q

fibroids are made of

A

smooth muscle

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28
Q

fibroids are made of

A

smooth muscle

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29
Q

fibroids are made of

A

smooth muscle

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30
Q

fibroids are made of

A

smooth muscle

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31
Q

features of endometritis

A

post birth
spectrum of pid

thickened endometrial cavity

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31
Q

fibroids are made of

A

smooth muscle

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32
Q

endometritis can progress to having gas and pus and is called

A

pyometrium

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33
Q

most common location of fibroids

A

intramural

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34
Q

peripheral popcorn calcifcaiton of uterin fibroid seen on which modality

A

plain film

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35
Q

fibroids on mri

A

T1 dark (to intermeidate)
T2 dark

variable enhacnement

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36
Q

what are the 4 tpyes of degeneration of uterine fibroids

A

Hyaline

Red 9carneous)

Myxoid

Cystic

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37
Q

hyaline degeneration

MRI findings and why

A

T2 dark

outstrips blood supply.
proteinacious tissue.
T2 dark, no enhacnement

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38
Q

Red (carneous) degeneration of fibroid

MRI and why

A

peripheral T1 high signal .

occurs in pregnancy, from venous thrombosis.

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39
Q

myxoid degenerative change apperaance on mRI

A

T2 bright.

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40
Q

what is the feature of a leiomyosarcoma ?

A

rapid growth and necrosis

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41
Q

what is adenomyosis

A

endometrial tissue has entered the myometrium layer.

causes enlarged uterus

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42
Q

thickening of the junctional zone of uterus to more than 12mm…

with T2 bright cystic foci…

A

adenomyosis

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43
Q

post menopausal endometrial thickening

what measuremnt is concerning and require sampling

A

5mm

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44
Q

what type of tumour will thicken the endometrium and why

A

Granulosa cell tumours
- oestrogen secreting

Hereditory nonpolyposis colon cancer

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45
Q

what effect does tamoxifen have on the uterus

A

increases endometrial cancer risk due oestrogen effect on the uterus

depsite being a blocker of estrogen in the breasat

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46
Q

tamoxifen endometrial thickness gets a pass up to

A

8mm

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47
Q

endometrial fluid in a post menopausal mass means

A

cervical stenosis or an obstructing mass

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48
Q

cervical cancer - staging for surgery

A

IIA or below is surgery

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49
Q

IIb cervical cancer (parametrial invasion) get

A

chemo and radiation

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50
Q

what is the parametrium ?

A

fibrous band between the supravaginal cervix and bladder

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51
Q

primary vaginal masses

what types of cancer

A

clear cell adenocarcinoma

scc

rhabdomyosarcoma - paeds

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52
Q

most common cancer of the vagina

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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53
Q

Who gets vaginal celar cell ADENO carcinoma

A

mothers took DEX

T shaped uterus

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54
Q

Vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma has what age distribution

A

2- 6
14 - 18

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55
Q

metastatic spread to the upper vagina wall

anterior vs posterior

A

anterior from genital

posterior from GI tract

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56
Q

nabothian cysts are found where?

A

Cervix

epithelium plugging of mucous glands

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57
Q

Gartner duct cyxsts are found where

A

anterior lateral wall of vagina.

due to incomplete regression of the wolfian ducts

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58
Q

skene gland cysts are found where

A

periurethral glands

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59
Q

ovaries

haemorrage in a cystic mass means it is

A

benign

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60
Q

Normal vs abnromal ovary size cut off

A

15ml

post menopause 6ml

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61
Q

dominant follicle can be what size?

A

2cm

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62
Q

what is an cumulus oophorus?

A

cells that protrude into a mature dom follice, imminent ovulation

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63
Q

what does clomiphene citrate do?

A

forces matuation of multiple bilateral ovarian cysts

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64
Q

theca lutein cyst will have what appearance

A

spoke wheel from multiple large cysts

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65
Q

what causes theca lutein cysts

A

overstimulation of b-HCG

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66
Q

what are the sequelae of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome?

A

theca lutein cysts, ascites, pleural effusion event pericardial effusions.

hypovolaemic shock

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67
Q

why do you do a PET in the first week of the menstrual cycle?

A

beacuse ovaries can be on HOT depending on cycle

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68
Q

menopause is defined as

A

1 whole year without menses

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69
Q

postmenoausal ovary abnormal is when its above normal limit orrrrrr

A

twice the size of the other one

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70
Q

PET ovaries on post menopausal is

A

ABNORMAL

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71
Q

ovarian cyst rules

A

under3cm simple - nothing

3-5cm - report but no f/u
>5cm - described and f/u considered
>7cm MRI or surgical referral

get an US if found on ct/mri

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72
Q

what are the ovaria sinister 6

A

physio follicles
corpora lutea
haemohagic cysts
endometriomas
benign cystic teratomas
polycystic ovaries

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73
Q

a peristent cyst may be called….

A

a nonfunctioning cyst

normally change after 6 weeks with hormones

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74
Q

ring of fire seen around ovarian lesion

A

corpus luteum

but could also be ectopic pregnancy

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75
Q

endometriosis triad

A

infertility

dysmenorrhea

dyspareunia

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76
Q

what will an endometrioma look like

A

rounded mass

homogenous low level internal echoes

increased through transmission

echogenic foci on wall

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77
Q

endometrioma can (1% ) become what cancer

note need to be like 9cm and older than 45

A

endometrioid or clear cell carcinoma

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78
Q

what is the most sensitive imaging feature on MRI for the diagnosis of malignany in an endometrioma

A

enhancing mural nodule

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79
Q

endometrioma on MRI

A

T1 bright -blood
T2 - dark (iron)

fat sat, won’t suppress (not a teratoma)

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80
Q

hameorrhagic cyst

lacy fishnet appearance

A

classsic or having bled into it

different apeparance ot an endometrioma

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81
Q

haemorrhagic cyst in early post menopause ladies?

A

postmenopausal women may ovulate

can follow up in 6 weeks as haemorrhagic cysts should disappear

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82
Q

Dermoids affect what age?

A

20s to 30s

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83
Q

what does tip of the icerberg sign mean?

A

US, absorbed by the mass at the top

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84
Q

dermoid on MRI

T1 and fat sat b ehaviour

A

T1 bright - fat
supress
T2 bright

haemorrhagic cysts and endometriomas dont suppress

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85
Q

Endometrioma on MRI

A

T1 bright
not suppress on fat sat
T2 dark - shading

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86
Q

dermoids can (1%) turn into what cancer with what risk factors

A

squamous cell CA

10cm +

older than >50

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87
Q

PCOS on US how many cysts

A

10 or more

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88
Q

do ovaries have to be enlarged in PCOS

A

no

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89
Q

where in the ovary are cancers found

A

within ovary

outside often benign

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90
Q

what measurement is thick counted at for septations

A

3mm

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91
Q

nodule with flow or mutliple thin or thick speations need to

A

refer to surgeons

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92
Q

Solid nodules without flow, why do we need an MRI

A

to ensure not a dermoid plug

if not to surgeons

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93
Q

appearance of serous tumours?

A

unilocular

few septations

can be bilateral

papillary projections suggest malignancy

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94
Q

mucinous ovarian (cystadencarcinoma) appearance

what can you get from this

A

large
multiloculated with thin septa

can get pseudomyxoma peritonei

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95
Q

risk factor for mucinous ovarian cystadencarcinoma

A

smoking

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96
Q

endometroid ovarian cancer

25% will have concomitant

A

endometrial cancer

(ovary is the met)

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97
Q

ovarian mass and endometrial thickening can be caused by what two conditions

A

Endometroid cancer

Granulosa Theca Cell Tumour

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98
Q

adult big fucking mass

differentials can be

A

Ovarian masses
desmoids (gardner syndrome)
sarcomas

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99
Q

ovarian fibroma on US

A

hypoechoic and solid

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100
Q

MRI findings of ovarian fibroma

A

T1 and T2 dark

T2 dark rim

101
Q

what is Meigs syndrome

A

Ascites
pleural effusion
benign ovarian tumour

102
Q

what’s fibromatosis

A

tumor LIKE enlargement of ovaries.

omental fibrosis and sclerosing peritonitis.

103
Q

Brenner Tumour is also called

A

Ovarian transitional cell carcinoma

104
Q

struma ovarii are a subtype of

A

teratoma

105
Q

imaging appearance of struma ovarii

A

multilocualar
cystic mass

INTENSE solid component enhacnes

Low T2 in cyst (thick colloid)

106
Q

struma ovarii contain what kind of tissue

A

THYROID

107
Q

krukenburg ovary tumour

A

mets from GI

108
Q

ovarian torsion normally due to

A

cyst or tumour causing the torsion

109
Q

Imaging features of torted ovary

A

Unilateral, enlarged (over4cm)
Mass on the ovary
peripheral cysts
free fluid
lack of arterial or venous flow

110
Q

what is the significane of flow in a large ovary considered for torsion

A

dual blood supply

so can be torted and still have blood flow

111
Q

PID infeciton types

A

gonorrhea or chlamydia

112
Q

PID imaging of utersu

A

undefined.
salpinx

113
Q

paraovarian cyst is caused by what

A

congenital remnant from the wolffian duct

114
Q

ovarian vein thrombophlebitis can affect

A

postpartum women
acute pelvic pain and fever!

115
Q

CT appearance of ovarian vein thrombophlebitis

A

enhancgin wall and low attenuation thrombus in the expected location of the ovarian vein

can move on to a pulmonary embolus

116
Q

how is a peritoneal inclusion cyst formed?

A

adheisions surround an ovary which has unresorbed secretions causing a passive mass

117
Q

Gestational trophoblastic disease causes a rise in what homrone and subsequent symptom

A

bHCG
vomitting

118
Q

three types of getsationaltrophoblastic disease

A

Hydatidiform mole/
invasive mole

partial and complete

choriocarcinoma

119
Q

what is the difference betweena complete mole and partial mole

A

comple
- involves entire placenta. diploid karyotype. no fetus.

partial
- partial placenta. may see fetal parts. diffuse anechoic lesions. triploid

120
Q

what is an invasive mole

A

invades the myometrium

121
Q

choriocarcinoma. how does it spread

A

locally then by blood.

122
Q

US appearance of choriocarcinmoa

A

highly echogenic solid mass

123
Q

treat choriocarcinoma

A

methotrexate

124
Q

what is the intradecidula sign a sign of

A

early pregnancy

125
Q

signs the yolk sac has gone bad

A

too big 6mm
too small 3mm

solid or calcified

126
Q

what is the double bleb sign

A

earliest view of embryo which is flat between the

amniotic sac

yolk sac

127
Q

what is meant by an anembryonic pregnancy

A

gestation al sac without an embryo

128
Q

causes of anembryonic pregnancy

A

very early pregnancy

non-viable pregnancy

129
Q

what is a pseudogestational sac

A

in ectopic pregancy

endometrium is pumped up from the hormones

130
Q

List some criterie for fetal demise

diagnostic

A

> 7mm crown-rump length + no heartbeat

no embryo + sac diameter of >25mm

No embryo + heartbeat > 11days after a scan that showed a gest sac/yolk sac

no embryo with heartbeat >2wk after a scan that showed a a gestation sac with no yolk sac

131
Q

list some criteria for suspicious for pregnancy failure

A

no embryo and >6wks from last period

no embryo with sac 16-24mm

no embryo with heartbeat - 13 days post scan gest sac without yolk sac

no embryo with heartbeat 10 days after a scan that showed a gest sac with a yolk sac

132
Q

what is subchorionic haemorrhage

A

heamorrhage around the chorion. more haemorrhage risks aboriton.

a little haemorrhage is common

133
Q

what are the high risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

A

PID hx
tubal surgery
endometriosis
ovulation induction
previous ectopic
use of an IUD

134
Q

which part of the fallopian tubes do ectopics normally happen in?

A

isthmic portion

135
Q

what is the sing to look for on US of ectopic pregnancy

A

Tubal ring sign

136
Q

four standard measurements of fetal growth are

A

Biparietal at thalamus, outer to inner.
head circumference
abdominal circumference - level of umbilical vein and left portal vein
femur length - not including epiphysis

137
Q

age in the first trimester is made from the

A

crown rump length

138
Q

second and third gestational age is…

A

composite GA (BPD, HC, AC, FL) as discussed above

139
Q

Readings suggestive of an IUGR

A

weight below 10th percentile
FL / AC > 23.5
Umbilical artery systolic /diastolic ratio > 4.0

140
Q

IUGR is categorised into two groups which are

A

symmetrical

asymmetricla

141
Q

asymmetrical IUGR

A

head sparing, 3rd trimester.

High BP
Severe malnutrition
Ehlers Danlos

142
Q

Symmetric IUGR

A

global growth restriction does not spare the head and all of pregnancy.

Casued by TORCH, EtoH, anemia, chromsomonal abnormality
issues

143
Q

THE RESISTANCEin the umbilical artery should WHAT with gestational age

A

decrease

144
Q

why can T1 daibetic mothers also have small babies

A

hypoxia from microvascular disease in the placenta

145
Q

ppost natal complications of macrosomnia

A

neonatal

hypoglycaemia

meconium aspiration

146
Q

Erbs palsy damages what nerve roots

A

C5 6

147
Q

amniotic fluid isurine after how many weeks

A

16

148
Q

Amniotic fluid index (AFI)

abnormal is

A

<5 (Oligohydramnios)

> 20(Polyhydramnios)

149
Q

Normal fetal lungs

A

look like liver

150
Q

Normal midgut henriation happens around what time?

A

9 - 11 weeks

151
Q

placentra too thin - size is

A

<1cm

152
Q

placenta too thick - size is

A

> 4cm

153
Q

causes of thin placenta

A

Maternal DM
Trisomy 13 or 18
Toxemia of pregnancy
htn

154
Q

causes of placenta too thick

A

fetal hydrops
Mat DM
maternal anaemia
congenital fetal cancer
congenitla infeciton
placental abruption

155
Q

Types of variant placental morpholog y

A

Bilobed

succenturiate lobe - accessory lobe

circumvallate placenta - rolled edges

156
Q

Risks of bilobed placenta

A

T2 Vasa previa
PPH
velamentous insertion of the cord

157
Q

Risk of succenturiate lobe

A

T2 vasa previa, PPH

158
Q

risk of circumvallate placenta

A

placental abruption
iUGR

159
Q

what is placenta previa

A

low lying placenta

painless vaginal bleeding in third trimester.

US needs to be empty bladder

160
Q

what time can you see the placenta?

A

8 weeks

161
Q

how to discern placental abruption from fibroids/myometrial contracitons

A

disruption of the retropplacental complex of blood vessels vs displacing the complex

162
Q

types of placenta insertion

A

Accreta - into endometrium
increta - into myo
percreta- into serosa

163
Q

placenta chorioagnioma - how are they diagnosed

A

hamartoma of the placenta
have foetal circulation.
hypoechoic near cord insertion.

if big >4cm cna sequester platelets

164
Q

How to discern a placental chorioagnioma vs placental hematoma?

A

pulsating doppler flow in chorioangioma

hematoma does not have doppler flow

165
Q

what are the vessels of the normal cord

A

2 arteries and 1 vein

166
Q

risk factors for single artery in umbilical cord

A

material diabetes
twins

167
Q

marginal cord inseriotn

A

seen more in twins

nearly velamenrtous insertion:
cord is more to the side and inserts placenta through the membranes

168
Q

what is vasa previa

A

fetal fessels cross the internal cervical os

169
Q

What are the two types of vasa previa

A

1 and 2.
T1 - velamentous cord inseriton
T2 - bilobed placenta or succenturiate lobe

170
Q

nuchal cord

A

around the neck

171
Q

umbilical cord cysts
peripheral name vs central name

A

peripheral - omphalomesenteric

central - allontoic cyst

172
Q

US findings for Downs

A

Congenital heart disease (VSD)
Duodenal atreisa
Short femur
echogenic bowel
choroid plexus cyst
nuchal translucency
nuchal fold thickness
echogenic focus in cardiac ventricle

173
Q

nuchal tranlucency measurement

A

> 3mm is abnromal.

174
Q

what is amniotic bands syndrome

A

fetus hasn’t stayed in the amniotic cavity.

gone into the fibrous and stiky chorionic cavity - amputated limbs

175
Q

Causes of hydrops

A

TORCH
Turners
Twin related stuff
Alpha thalassemia
US - pleura effusion, pericardial effusion, sub cut edema.

176
Q

what is the big three appearance on US of hydrops

A

Body wall edema
pleural effusion
ascites

177
Q

Lemon and banana signs are seen in what conditions

A

Spina bifida
chiari II

178
Q

facial clefts are associated with…

A

30% of the time chromosomal abnormality

179
Q

a posterior neck mass looking complex in a fetus

A

cystic hygroma

180
Q

cystic hygroma are ax with

A

Turners and downs

181
Q

Ventriculomegaly. size

A

ventricular atrium diameter > 10mm

182
Q

most common neural tube defect is

A

anencephaly

183
Q

all kids with congenital diaphragmatic hernia will also have

A

malrotation

184
Q

fetal heart rate parameteres

A

100 - 180

185
Q

normal fetal bowel is isoechoic to the

A

liver

186
Q

ddx for hyperechoic bowel in fetus

A

CF
Trisomies
Viral infections
Bowel atresia

187
Q

most common tumour of the fetus/infant

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

188
Q

short femur think of

A

Downs

Skeletal dysplais a

189
Q

define incompetant cervix

A

shortened endocervical distance of < 2.5cm.

risk premature delivery

190
Q

maternal hydronephrosis, how common is this?

A

80% get it
mechanical
mostly on the right

191
Q

what things grow in pregnancy

A

splenic artery aneurysms
renal amls
fibroids

192
Q

Uterine rupture happens where and when

A

Where - location of prior C section

When - 3rd trimester

193
Q

HELLP syndrome causes what

A

raised LFT
low platelets
haemolysis.

severe form of pre-eclampsia

194
Q

what is peripartum cardiomyopathy?

A

dilated myopathy in the last 1 to 5 months

195
Q

Cardiac MRI findings in peripartum cardiomyopathy are

A

depressed function
non-vascular territory subepicardial late Gd enhancement

196
Q

What happens in sheehans?

A

large volume haemorrhage with the enalrged pituitary which happens in pregnancy

197
Q

MRI appearance of sheehans

A

Acutely bright

late may have an enhancing rim sign

198
Q

Ovarian vein thrombophlebitis risk factors are

A

c section
endometritis

199
Q

ovarian vein thromboplhebitis - which side is afffect more?

A

right side more

200
Q

Retained products of conception

associations

A

MTOP
Second Trimester miscarriage
placenta accreta

201
Q

US appearance of endometiritis

A

thickened
heterogenous endometrium with or without fluid

202
Q

with twins what is the percentage difference between them that would be considered a significant difference

A

15%

203
Q

Twin Twin transfusion occurs in which types of twin?

A

Monochorionic twins with a vascular communication in the placenta

204
Q

What are the outcomes for Monochorionic twin twin transufison

A

skinny and chubby

skinny is “stuck to the wall of the uterus.”
chubby can get hydrops and die.

skinny gets high resitance umbilical artery spectrum

205
Q

What happens in twin reversed arterial perfusion syndrome ?

A

pump twin pumps blood into the other twin. due to intraplacental shunting

get an acardiac twinv

206
Q

of twins, if one dies which part of the pregnancy is this more of an issue in

A

later

207
Q

What is twin twin embolization syndrome ?

A

embolized necrotic dead fetus transferred to the living fetus.

DIC, ischaemia, infarction

208
Q

twin twin embolization syndrome can only happen in what kind of pregnancy

A

monochorionic

209
Q

the nipple is made of what tissue

A

smooth muscle

210
Q

how many ductalvopening on a nipple

A

5-10

211
Q

nipple inversion vs retraction>?

A

inversion - invaginates

retraction - pulled back

212
Q

Nipple on contrast MRI does what

A

enhance

213
Q

what are the ligaments taht hold the breasts up called

A

Coopers ligaments

214
Q

what happens in architectual distoraiton?

A

Its coopers ligaments being distorted / straightened

especially in surgical / radial scars and IDC

215
Q

what to think of asymetrical brast

A

normal

unless new.
invasive lobular breast cancer can shrink a breast

216
Q

a terminal lobule ductal unit is significant in cancer for what reason

A

a lot of cancers start here

217
Q

what journey does milk take anatomically

A

Temrinal duct lobule unit

lobule

major duct

lactiferous sinus

218
Q

which type of calcifications within the ducts should be a concer

A

ones that follow the ducts.

linear / segmental

219
Q

blood supply of breast tissue

A

internal mammory artery (60%)

LATERAL THORACIC INTERCOSTAL PERFORATORS

220
Q

BREAST LYMPH

A

97% TO THE AXILLA

rest to internal mammory

221
Q

mets to the internal lymph nodes will be from

A

a medial mass

222
Q

lymph node levels what are they

A

1 - 3, rotternode
lateral to pec minor
under pec minor
media to pec minor
rotter node - between the pec maj and min

223
Q

sternalis is only seen on which breast mammography view

A

CC only

nevel mlo

224
Q

estrogen effect in puberty on the duct

A

elongate and branch

225
Q

progesterone effect in puberty on lobules

A

proliferate

226
Q

when are the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle

A

follicular 7-14
luteal 15 - 30

227
Q

Estrogen dominates in which phase

A

follicular

228
Q

Progesterone dominates in which phase?

A

luteal

229
Q

breast changes in pregnancy

A

tubes and ducts prolierate
breast gets denser

hypoechoic on US

230
Q

brast change perimenopausal

A

shortening of the follicular phase - more progesterone

more breast pain
more fibrocystic change
more breast cyst formation

231
Q

menopause breast changes

A

lobules go down
ducts stay or ectatic.

fibroadenomas will degenerate with the lack of estrogen

232
Q

breast changes with HRT

A

painful breast
more dense
fibroadenomas can grow

233
Q

what can cause the breasts to be dense on imaging

A

prolcatinoma
antipsychotic mds

234
Q

galactocele can appear as what

A

fat fluid level behind the areolar

235
Q

posterior nipple line needs to reach what to be considered adequate

A

pec major

236
Q

why would a woman have an LMO rather than an MLO

A

kyphosis
pectus excavatum
avoid a pacemaker or line

237
Q

when to use an LM or ML?

A

aim is to move the insepected portion closer to the receptor.

Item on lateral edge do an ML.
if on medial edge do an LM.

238
Q

three tpyes of calc seen on breast imaging

how to call them

A

artifact
benign

suspicious

239
Q

classic artefacts mimics of calc

A

deodrant

zinc oxide

metaliic

240
Q

breast calc terminology

A

BENIGN END
scattered
regional
grouped
linear
segmental
CONCERNING

241
Q

what are dermal calcification

A

found anywhere women sweat

242
Q

how to confirm dermal calc

A

ask for tangential view

243
Q

feature of vascular calcification

A

linear paraller

244
Q

popcorn calc associate dto

A

degenerating fibroadneoma

245
Q

secretary calc have what buzzword

A

cigar shaped with a lucent centre

246
Q

why do people get secretary clac

A

duct has involuted so are there in people 10 -20 years after the menopause

247
Q

what are eggshell calc related to

A

fat necrosis from trauama

248
Q

dystrophic calc will apeear

A

bigger than fat necrossi

but aetioogy is the same

249
Q

tea cupped calc

A

firocystic change

250
Q

posterior nipple line should be what distance on the

A

1cm

251
Q
A

a Prometheus book FRCR Part 2A flashcards (9 decks)

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