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Ethics > Module 4 - For midterm > Flashcards

Module 4 - For midterm Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the complex whole of human life, encompassing almost everything a person does and thinks (Tylor, 1871).

A

Culture

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2
Q

Culture shapes the _______, the _______, and the _______. The moment you are born into this world, you are already in the culture.

A

the way you dress up, the language you speak, and the way you act

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3
Q

You will always have this something, and you cannot escape from your ________ (Clycq, 2015).

A

ethnocultural milieu

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4
Q

Concerning Ethics, culture is most
relevant if we talk about ______, _____, and _______. Perhaps you can better understand the concept of culture if we discuss the school of thought of ________.

A

customs, traditions, and laws
Cultural Relativism

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5
Q

________, the philosophical paradigm often used by anthropologists and social scientists, believes that culture is different across ____ and ____ (Kottak, 2010). Simply put, think of it like, “whatever is good here may not be good in another place.”

A

Cultural Relativism
time and space

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6
Q

_________, as an ethical theory, posits that culture is the ultimate arbiter of morality.

A

Cultural Relativism

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7
Q

• There is no _______ because people live in different places and times.
• “The _______ is morally right or
wrong depending on the culture.”

A

universal moral truth
human act

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8
Q

• In ______, truth depends on person.
• In ______, truth depends on a particular reference point.
• Something relative can also be _____.

A

subjectivism
relativism
objective

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9
Q

Since you can say the VSU Beach
garden is near or far based on
where you are now. Distance is, therefore, _______.

A

relative

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10
Q

In relation to Ethics, the reference point of Cultural Relativism is _______.

A

culture

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11
Q

Ethical Subjectivism and Cultural Relativism are mutually ______.

A

exclusive

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12
Q

Ethical Subjectivism or Cultural Relativism?

For me, it is fine to marry him even if I will be his 3rd wife because I believe I’ve done nothing wrong.

A

Ethical Subjectivism

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13
Q

Ethical Subjectivism or Cultural Relativism?

I will accept the fact that I will be his 3rd wife if I will marry him. It is fine because that is his culture.

A

Cultural Relativism

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14
Q

Philosophers related to Cultural
Relativism:

A

Protagoras of Abdera
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
Franz Boas
Oswald Spengler

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15
Q

Who said:

“Man is the measure of all things.”

A

Protagoras of Abdera

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16
Q

Protagoras was a ______.

_______ are men who travelled around ancient Greece in exchange for something.

A

Sophist

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17
Q

One very important component of culture is ______.

A

language

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf

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18
Q

“The structure of a language determines how a person understand things.”

A

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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19
Q

_______ Hypothesis

The fact that each cultural group speak different language means people understand things differently.

Thus each culture has also a different
understanding on ______ and _____.

A

Sapir-Whorf

ethics and morality

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20
Q

The “Father of American Anthropology”

A

Franz Boas

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21
Q

One of the main proponents of Historical Particularism and Cultural Relativism

A

Franz Boas

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22
Q

During ________ time, Europe’s understanding of history is linear.

A

Franz Boas

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23
Q

Who said:

It’s wrong to understand culture the way we understand culture on our own societies.

A

Franz Boas

24
Q

Franz Boas said:

If I will study a tribe in North America, I should not analyze them based on my Western point-of-view but based on how they ________.

A

understand themselves

25
Q

Franz Boas said:

I should go to the field to understand
how Inuits _____, _____, and _____.

A

think, feel, and live

26
Q

Franz Boas said:

It is unfair to call them “_______”. That’s a very ethnocentric term.

A

primitive

27
Q

________ is one of the main research methodologies of anthropologists to extract data from the field.

A

Ethnography

28
Q

It requires the anthropologist to immerse in the communities they are studying.

A

Ethnography

29
Q

Boas’ Legacy

No culture is ______ over the other. All cultures are ____ in their own rights. Making a universal moral standard for everyone to follow is very ______.

A

superior
equal
ethnocentric

30
Q

German Philosopher and historian

A

Oswald Spengler

31
Q

In his book, “The Decline of the West”, he predicted that Western Civilization will collapse due to the rise of Caesar-like leaders.

A

Oswald Spengler

32
Q

“There are no eternal truths. Every philosophy is an expression of its ____” (Spengler 1918: 58).

A

time

33
Q

Applying the concept of Cultural Relativism, historians like Spengler believed in “______” or “______”.

A

Historical Relativism
Historicism

34
Q

_________ on Ethics

What may be true today, may not be true tomorrow. What may be not
acceptable today, may be acceptable tomorrow, and vice versa. Culture changes throughout time, so is morality.

A

Oswald Spengler

35
Q

Culture is different from
one place to place.

A

Protagoras of Abdera

36
Q

Culture is different from
language to language.

A

Edward Sapir and Benjamin
Whorf

37
Q

Culture is different from tribe to tribe.

A

Franz Boas

38
Q

Culture is different from time to time

A

Oswald Spengler

39
Q

If morality is based on culture and culture is _______. Morality is, therefore, ______. If morality is _____, therefore, there is no universal moral truth.

A

relative

40
Q

• Filipino culture is a mix of
both _____ and ____
cultures.

A

Eastern and Western:
• Spanish
• Americans
• Chinese traders
• Islamic missionaries
• Indigenous communities

41
Q

Filipino values:

A

• Family oriented
• Xenophile
• Respect for authorities
• Heritage of Smallness
• Cheerful Optimism
• Bayanihan Spirit

42
Q

Family - Oriented ?

A

• Family first
• Extended family
• Extreme Personalism

43
Q

Weaknesses of being Family-Oriented:

A

• Nepotism - Palakasan system
• Political dynasty
• Kanya-kanya
• Crab mentality
• Regionalism

44
Q

Xenophile ?

A

• Hospitability
• Generosity

45
Q

Weakness of being Xenophile:

A

• No originality - gaya2x
• We don’t love our own that much
• We get easily influenced by foreigners
• Sometimes we forget our selves.

46
Q

Respect for authorities ?

A

• Respect for elders
• Hard work and industry
• Faith and religiosity
• Courtesy – kaikug
• Utang na loob

47
Q

Weakness of Respect for Authorities:

A

• Utang na loob
• Dependency
• Patronage
• Sticking on the status quo/comfort zone
• Passivity and lack of initiative

48
Q

Heritage of Smallness ?

A

• Appreciating the small things
• Knowing what is important

49
Q

Weakness of the Heritage of Smallness:

A

• Sachet Mentality
• Sustainability –Getting only what we
need.
• “Isang kahig isang tuka”
• Mediocrity
• Smart shaming

50
Q

Cheerful Optimism ?

A

• Lakas ng loob
• Resiliency
• OFW
• Hugot Phenomenon

51
Q

Weaknesses of Cheerful Optimism:

A

• Lack of discipline
• “Diskarte”
• Bahala na attitude
• Ningas cogon – maayo ra sugod
• Palusot mentality -Gusto og exemption
• Madaling makalimot – Easily forget the mistakes of the past

52
Q

Bayanihan Spirit ?

A

• Treat everyone as family
• Proud of our achievements
• Active in Social media
• Fiesta – food not to feed one but everyone
• Sensitivity – “mangaon ta”
• “Dyahe piece”
• Thoughtfulness of others
• Pasalubong
• Balato

53
Q

Weaknesses Bayanihan Spirit:

A

• Social Pressure
• Tagay Justice system
• Not budget-friendly
• Walang iwanan
• Filipino time

54
Q

Positive Impacts of Cultural Relativism:

A
  1. It makes people culturally sensitive.
  2. It helps researchers from being racist and ethnocentric.
  3. It highlights the need for social scientists to immerse to a community to understand culture in the perspective of a local.
  4. It emphasizes that morality is indeed evolving.
  5. Cultural Relativism empowers cultural minority groups.
  6. It encourages diversity and multidisciplinary approaches among institutions.
55
Q

Criticisms against Cultural Relativism:

A
  1. We cannot critique our own culture.
  2. We cannot also correct the practices of other cultures.
  3. Sometimes, cultural relativism makes us indifferent towards other
    societies.
  4. It causes divisions and xenophobia.
  5. Even if people belong to different
    backgrounds, cultures also share some patterns of behavior.
  6. We cannot definitely address issues that concerns people with different cultural background.
  7. Cultural relativism could lead to nihilism.
  8. Cultural relativism is an irony because it establishes itself as a universal standard even
    though it claims that everything is relative to culture.

Ethics (4 decks)

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