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Biology 103 > Module 4 Exam Review > Flashcards

Module 4 Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

a simple, relatively unchangeable behaviour that usually goes to completion once it has been elicted

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2
Q

migration

A

a regular, long-distance change in location

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3
Q

4 step chain of communication

A

signaller- signal- medium- recipient

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4
Q

pheromones

A

speciific secreted substances that bind to a receptor to trigger a specific response

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5
Q

associative learning

A

reflects the ability of individuals to link cause and effect

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6
Q

risk sensitive foraging

A

risk sensitivity is expected to be influenced by how desperate the forager is for food
high hunger- risk prone
low hunger - risk averse

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7
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection arising through preference of certain characteristics in a mate
- behaviour indicates genetic quality

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8
Q

parental care of offspring conflict

A
  • Interests of the offspring are best served if the parent invests to the point that success of the offspring is maximized
  • Difference between parents and offspring is what constitutes optimal investment results in parent offspring conflict
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9
Q

why species aggregate in groups

A
  • everybody is there for the same resource

- better protected from predators

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10
Q

actor

A

individual that initiates the behaviour

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11
Q

recipient

A

individual that the behaviour is directed at

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12
Q

is cooperation and selfish behaviour favoured by natural selection

A

yes

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13
Q

is altruistic and spite favoured by natural selection?

A

no

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14
Q

hamiltons rule

A

(relatedness x #of beneficiaries) - Cost >0

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15
Q

fixed action pattern example: migration*

A
  • responsive to environmental cues
  • stimulus: incoming cold, no resources available, changing daylight amounts
  • physiological mechanism: can measure the physiology that allows migration (track the circadian pattern, magnetic fields can track orientation)
  • experience: it must be innate (natural tendencies), and learned
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16
Q

Intraspecies communication

A

Chemical/physical communication between members of the same species (ie. physical: fruit flies mate by ‘tapping’ (WHATEVER THAT IS REFERRING TO….), chemical: gypsy moths release a volatile chemical to males for mating)

17
Q

Interspecies communication

A

Interacting with individuals of other species (cross-species communication) (ie. odours released to attract pollinators)

18
Q

Human Influences on communication

A

Examples: water becoming murky due to pollution decreases visual communication for some fish, noise pollution disrupts some birds communications (increase frequency of territorial song to compete with anthropogenic noise)

19
Q

Types of social interactions

A

Altruism: one will sacrifice fitness for another
Cooperative: fitness benefit for both
Spite: fitness loss for both
Selfishness: one party benefits @ expanse of the other

20
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Total fitness of an individual is related to individual fitness and relatives (remember: fitness = offspring)

Relatedness determines degree of altruism you are willing to put in

21
Q

Altruism A for B is favoured if:

A

relatedness of A and B x benefit of recipient B > cost to actor A

22
Q

Why live in groups?

A

clustering of appropriate habitat

patchy resources

mating aggregations

protection from predators (safety in numbers)

more eyes and sensors to detect predators

more individuals can defend against predators

lower chance of becoming prey; more other targets

protection from predators (selfish herd)

23
Q

Case Study: Vampire Bats

A
  • will share food with another bat in hopes they would do the same even if they are not related
  • to INC fitness of non-relative it cannot be a cost
    BUT benefit is reciprocity (hungry bat will get fed if reciprocity is likely.. from same area, etc
24
Q

Case Study: Ground Squirrels (prairie dogs)

A

kin selection

  • prairie dogs issues alarm calls when it sees badger
  • exposes itself to predation but alerts other dogs of danger
  • dogs more likely to give alarm calls (twice as likely) if they were with relatives
  • dogs just as likely to give alarm calls if with parents vs siblings
  • when dogs moved away but not have kids yet, unlikely to give calls
  • once they have kids, they become likely to give calls again
25
Q

Frequency Dependance

A
  • fitness consequences of behaviors depend on frequency of individuals exhibiting that behavior
  • game theory for resource distribution
  • aggressive domination (hawk), submissive (dove)
  • when two individuals fight for resource, there is a cost (reduced fitness)
    hawk vs dove, hawk wins, dove runs away
    - hawk enjoys resources, wins fitness
    dove vs hawk, hawk wins, dove runs away
    - does not gain any fitness
    dove vs dove, share with other dove
    - fitness gained is divided by two
    hawk vs hawk
    - one gets resource but both will suffer cost of fighting and reduced fitness (1 in 2 chance of winning, 1 in 2 chance of losing)
    when hawks is <80% of population, they have higher fitness
    when hawks is >80% of population, doves have higher fitness
26
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

fitness = individual fitness + fitness of relatives

   - B = benefit to recipient 
   - C = cost to actor 
    - r = relatedness of recipient to actor 
    - altruism happens when Br-C > 0  - inclusive fitness 
   - involves individual and relatives fitness 
   - if altruistic gene carried by related individuals and individual, altruistic behaviour spreads
27
Q

Calculating Relatedness

A
  • multiply probabilities on same path
  • add paths together to get total
    ex. full siblings
    1/2 x 1/2 for actor –> mother –> recipient
    1/2 x 1/2 for actor –> father –> recipient
    1/4 + 1/4 = total for recipient
28
Q

Eusociality

A
  • one female (queen) does all reproducing
  • workers care for queen and offspring, will never reproduce
  • relatedness between sterile works is 3/4
  • workers share mother and father
  • 1/4 chance sister has same allele from mother
  • 1/2 chance sister has same allele from father (father is haploid)
    - 1/4 + 1/2 = 3/4
  • sterile works more related to sisters than their own offspring (offspring only have 1/2)
  • kin selection favours raising more sisters rather than offspring
    cooperative
29
Q

Kin Selection in plants

A

individuals grow close to each other

interact with each other through roots and above ground

seeds often fall close to mother

suggest individuals interact / identify with related individuals

30
Q

Ecology

A
  • distribution and abundance of organisms (abiotic and biotic)
  • structure and function of ecosystem (trophic interactions, energy flow (food webs), biogeochemical cycling)
  • multiple spatial and temporal scales (millimeters to thousands of kilometers, seconds to millions of years, different scales of investigation)
  • evaluating and solving environmental problems
31
Q

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Solar Energy

A

life depends on energy from sun hitting on sphere

global variations in solar radiation per unit of area on Earth

equator gets most sun rays strike perpendicularly

sun ray and Earth contact usually oblique

air temp decreases 0.5-0.7 degrees for every degree of latitude (110km)

32
Q

Creation of Air Circulation and Precipitation

A
  • atmosphere traps water
  • solar radiation near equator creates air circulation and precipitation
    • sun energy causes air to rise at equator
    • air flows towards poles
    • as air move sup, air cools and its water vapor becomes rain
    • dry air pushes back to Earth and creates deserts at 30o north/south latitude
    • air then flows back towards poles at 60o north/south latitude, releases precipitation
    • cold dry air then goes towards poles and create a cold desert
  • predictable global wind patterns created
  • climate influenced
33
Q

Wind Patterns

A

Earth rotates on axis

land near equator moving faster than land at poles

causes winds to deflect from vertical latitudinal patterns (Coriolis effect)

winds come from poles and blows east to west in the tropics

air is slow compared to speed that land is moving at

at temperate zone above 30o, wind is from west

has affects on movement of solar energy and water vapour

34
Q

Ocean Currents

A

water moves because of wind patterns and Earth rotation (movement of water deflected/interrupted by land )

water is good at retaining heat

ocean currents redistribute solar energy

Pacific Coast of western North America (land cooled by cold California current (north to south), part of North Pacific subtropical gyre)

Western coast of Europe (gulf stream carries warm water from equator to coast)

Maritime provinces of Canada (icy Labrador current flows south from coast of Greenland, colder than Western Europe even though it is more south latitudinal)

35
Q

Seasons

A

caused by Earth’s tilt (axis tilted at 23.5o)

half of orbit, northern hemisphere tilted towards sun
- other half of orbit, southern hemisphere tilted towards sun

seasons also happen at equator and closer latitudes

due to hot air rising from equator and losing moisture when it rises

when northern hemisphere faces sun, rays hit sun directly north of equator (at 0 degrees)

causes wet season north of equator, dry season south of equator
- opposite happens when southern hemisphere faces sun

Biology 103 (5 decks)

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