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Biology 103 > Module 3 Exam Review > Flashcards

Module 3 Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Myelin

A

a sheath that wraps around the axon, provides insulation, accelerates propagation of action potentials
- oligodendrocytes in CNS, schwann cells in PNS

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2
Q

Glia

A

non neuronal cells within CNS, role in immunity and protection

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3
Q

astrocytes

A

connects neuron to capillary

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4
Q

grey matter

A

unmyelinated neurons, cell bodies, dendrites, glia

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5
Q

white matter

A

myelinated neurons

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6
Q

forebrain

A

collecting sensory information

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7
Q

hindbrain

A

control of movement

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8
Q

midbrain

A

interprets, helps hindbrain decide how to respond to forebrain

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9
Q

afferent information

A

signals that go to the CNS

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10
Q

efferent information

A

sends signals from CNS to the rest of the body

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11
Q

Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

1: autonomic: involuntary processes
somatic: voluntary
2: autonomic splits
sympathetic: fight or flight
parasympathetic: rest and digest

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12
Q

Neural plasticity

A

changing how neurons communicate/interact

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13
Q

Neuronal receptor

A

the cell sensing the stimuli is also a neuron

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14
Q

non-neuronal receptor

A

a sensory cell receptor separate from the neuron

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15
Q

Chemosensing

A

reecptors that bind to specific chemicals

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16
Q

Electrosensing

A

sensing using electric fields

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17
Q

Magnetosensing

A

sensing using earths magnetic field

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18
Q

detecting visible light

A

photoreceptors at the back of the eye called rods and cones absorb specific types of light

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

neurons that respond to physical stimuli

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20
Q

statocytes

A

contains statoliths which sends signals to neurons to promote a change in orientation

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21
Q

essential amino acid

A

an amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize but must be obtained from food

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22
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules required in small amounts, serve as coenzymes

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23
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic nutrients that cannot be synthesized in the body

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24
Q

overall tasks of the digestive system(5)

A
  1. mechanical processing and motility: movements that break up, mix, and propel food material
  2. secretion: release of digestive enzymes into the lumen
  3. Digestion: breakdown of food into smaller particles then into nutrient molecules small enough to be absorbed
  4. Absorption: passage of digested nutrients and fluid across the tube wall into the blood or lymph
  5. elimination: expulsion of undigested and unabsorbed residues
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25
Q

most animals use ___________ to increase digestion

A

endosymbionts

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26
Q

intracellular digestion

A

hydrolytic enzymes break down food inside vacuoles

- dominant in eukaryotes

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27
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown of food in compartments continuous with the outside of the animals body

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28
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

oral cavity to small intestine

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29
Q

Protein digestion

A

stomach to small intestine

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30
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A

small intestine

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31
Q

fat digestion

A

small intestine

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32
Q

evolution of gut complexity

A 
blind sacs- 
unidirectionality
fermentation chambers
regionalization
surface area
cellular specialization
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33
Q

appetite-regulating hormones

A
  • secretion of ghrelin triggers feeling of hunger
  • rise in blood sugar triggers insulin secretion which suppresses appetite
  • leptin is produced by fat tissue suppresses appetite
  • PYY secreted by small intestine after meals acts as an appetite suppressant
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34
Q

open circulatory system

A

blood cells can move from vessels to interstitial fluid

- fluid is continuously exposed to entire body

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35
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
- more control/ better filtration
most complex separated oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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36
Q

main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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37
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle

Stroke volume x heart rate

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38
Q

heart rate

A

frequency of heart contraction

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39
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped by a heart ventricle in a single contraction

40
Q

pacemaker

A
  • sinoatrial node
  • set of auto rhythmic cells
  • cardiac action potential spreads through gap junction across ventricles of the heart allowing for coordinated contraction
41
Q

sequence of electrical events in heart

A
  1. signals from SA node spread through atria
  2. signals are delayed at AV node
  3. Bundle branches pass signal to heart apex
  4. signals spread throughout ventricles
42
Q

systolic pressure

A

blood pressure in arteries during ventricle contraction

43
Q

diastolic pressure

A

blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed

44
Q

Circulatory fluids

A

Non-cellular fractions(50-60%)
Plasma - osmotic balance

Cellular fractions(40-50%)
Leukocytes - defence and immunity
Platelets- blood clotting
Erythrocytes - transport of O2

45
Q

the rate of diffusion is __________ to surface area and ________ to the distance through which the molecules must move

A

proportional

inversely proportional

46
Q

features of respiratory organs

A
  • moist surfaces in which gases dissolve and diffuse
  • increased surface area
  • extensive blood flow
  • thin, delicate structure
47
Q

counter current exchange

A

exchange of a substance between 2 fluids flowing in opposite directions
- more oxygen can be picked up as water moves closer to the source of O2

48
Q

positive pressure breathing

A

a breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs

49
Q

inhalation and exhalation (when pressure increases or decreases)

A

inhalation: muscles contract to enlarge thoracic cavity, pressure drops and air is sucked in
exhalation: diapragm relaxes, thoracic cavity is compressed, pressure increases and air is pushed out

50
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air a mammal inhales and exhales with each breath

- negative pressure from diaphragm contraction inflates the lungs

51
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that a mammal can inhale and exhale with each breath

52
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful exhalation

53
Q

homeostatic control of breathing

A

blood pH falls due to rising CO2 levels

-medulla detects pH decrease and signals rib muscles and diaphragm to increase rate and depth of ventilation

54
Q

Cooperativity

A

once one oxygen subunit binds, the affinity for another one to bind is increased
- explains lag on oxygen vs saturation graph

55
Q

oxygen from hemoglobin is unloaded in response to …(4)

A
  • low pO2
  • low pH
  • warm temperatures
  • metabolites
56
Q

innate immunity

A

defences made in advance of the threat, on stand-by to offer immediate defence (nonspecific)

  • physical barriers -skin, acidic stomach
  • soluble factors-(cytokines act as alarm signals in possible breech of barriers)
  • phagocytosis- in the case the intruder causes damage, recognizes something it should eat
  • inflammation- indicates where the problem lies, causes vasodilation in middle and vasoconstriction on other sides
57
Q

PPR’s

A
  • pattern recognition receptors

- bind and recognize PAMP’s

58
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen associated molecule patterns

- innate response to generic bacteria specific molecules

59
Q

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A
  • destroys cells infected with viruses
  • destroys foreign or altered cells such as tumour cells
  • similar to cytotoxic T cells but do not require antigens to be displayed
60
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process used by protists to engulf solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal food vacuole
- involved in obtaining nutrients or removing pathogens in the immune system

61
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

vertebrate specific defence that is mediated by B cells and T cells

62
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme that destroys bacteria cell walls in mammals

63
Q

hemocytes

A

immune cells of insects

64
Q

how an organism obtains carbon(2)

A

autotrophs: use CO2 as a carbon source and can carry out fixation
heterotrophs: cannot fix carbon and therefore must synthesize carbon compounds

65
Q

how an organism obtains energy(2)

A

Phototrophs: organisms that use light as their energy source (do photosynthesis)

Chemotrophs: obtain energy from organic or inorganic molecules

66
Q

Digestive system

A

body cavity or tube in which food is reduced to particles small enough to be absorbed into the internal environment

67
Q

Alimentary canal

A

anterior end- ingestion

middle portion- storage and initial digestion

68
Q

parietal cell

A

cell in the stomach that secretes acid

69
Q

path of food through the digestive system

A 
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
epiglottis 
stomach
duodenum
jejunum 
ilium
large intestine
70
Q

absorption in the small intestine

A

absorption of vitamins and minerals,

  • contains villi and microvilli for surface area and absorption
  • pancreas secretes enzymes to break down fat
71
Q

large intestine

A
  • site for water reabsorption

- lots of bacteria live here

72
Q

single loop circulatory system

A
  • entire system is 1 loop(no gravity to worry about)

- doesn’t generate much pressure, 1 weak pump

73
Q

3 chambered heart

A
  • most reptiles
  • 2 atria, 1 ventricle
  • some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
74
Q

4 chambered heart

A
  • gravity means the heart has to be strong

- higher metabolic rate means more energetic demands

75
Q

capillaries

A
  • 1 cell thick, between arterioles and venules
  • high surface area
  • controlled by vasodilation or vasoconstriction
76
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • bags of hemoglobin
  • binds and carries oxygen
  • each has an Fe containing heme group
77
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A
  • has to bind oxygen more tightly to steal from maternal circulation
78
Q

Myoglobin

A
  • in muscle
  • binds o2 more tightly
  • single subunit (no cooperative binding)
79
Q

oxygen dissociation curve

A
  • shifts right when tissue is working, decrease blood pH, increasing temperature
  • shifts left at the lungs, wanting to bind, increases blood pH, decreases temperature
80
Q

how blood pressure is maintained

A

vasoconstriction or vasodilation of blood vessels

81
Q

bronchioles

A

surrounded by circular muscle to dilate or constrict passage of air

82
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange, 1 cell thick

83
Q

immune response

A

the ability to recognize foreign or dangerous macromolecules and eliminate them

84
Q

lymphocytes

A 
T-cells
- pass through the thymus
- cytotoxic T-cells bind with foreign antigens and kill them
- recognize diseased cells
B-cells
- generate antibodies 
- bone cells
85
Q

B-cell response

A
  • produce anti-bodies against antigen
  • antibodies bind to antigen containing cells and inhibit them
  • activated b-cells multiply
86
Q

T-cell response

A
  • helper T cell differentiates pathogens

- cytotoxic t cells migrate to infection site, binds to the pathogen-infected cell and kills it

87
Q

antibodies

A

highly specific immunoglobin proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens

88
Q

antigen

A

molecule specifically recognized as foreign or dangerous by cells of the immune system

89
Q

adaptive/ specific immunity

A
  • specific pathways induced in response to pathogens
  • slower than innate but more specific
  • APC brings antigen to adaptive immune response
90
Q

hypertonic vs hypotonic solution

A

hypertonic: having greater solute concentration(hypoosmotic)
hypotonic: having lesser solute concentration(hyperosmotic)

91
Q

osmolarity

A

property of a solution (all osmotic solute)

92
Q

tonicity

A

solutions effect on cell volume

93
Q

osmoregulators

A

maintain constant internal osmolarity

94
Q

osmoconformers

A

internal osmolarity changes to environment

95
Q

Euryhaline

A

tolerate wide ranges of external osmolarity

96
Q

stenohaline

A

tolerate narrow ranges of external osmolarity

97
Q

kidney

A

collection of nephrons that filter blood to remove nitrogenous waste(urea)

Biology 103 (5 decks)

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