Module 4 exam pt 1

Question 1

What is a reflex?

Answer 1

A rapid, automatic response triggered by specific stimuli

Question 2

Describe the 3 meningeal layers that surround the spinal cord.

Answer 2

• Dura mater (outermost layer)
• Arachnoid mater (middle layer)
• Pia mater (innermost layer)

Question 3

What is included in the arachnoid mater?

Answer 3

Arachnoid membrane and subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater)

Question 4

What are the functions of the meninges?

Answer 4

• Physical stability
• Shock absorption
• Carry blood supply (oxygen and nutrients)

Question 5

Identify the 3 layers of connective tissue of a spinal nerve.

Answer 5

• Epineurium: outermost layer
• Perineurium: middle layer
• Endoneurium: innermost layer

Question 6

What is the purpose of the perineurium?

Answer 6

Separates nerve into fascicles (bundles of axons)

Question 7

What does the endoneurium surround?

Answer 7

Individual axons

Question 8

What are the major peripheral branches of a spinal nerve?

Answer 8

• Posterior ramus: innervates muscles, joints, skin of back
• Anterior ramus: innervates lateral and anterior trunk, limbs

Question 9

Name the major nerves associated with the brachial plexus.

Answer 9

• Musculocutaneous nerve
• Median nerve
• Ulnar nerve
• Axillary nerve
• Radial nerve

Question 10

List the major nerves of the sacral plexus.

Answer 10

• Superior gluteal
• Inferior gluteal
• Posterior femoral cutaneous
• Sciatic
• Pudendal

Question 11

Which nerve divides into the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve?

Answer 11

The sciatic nerve

Question 12

Describe the steps in a reflex.

Answer 12

• Stimulation of a receptor
• Activation of a sensory neuron
• Information processing in the CNS
• Activation of a motor neuron
• Response of a peripheral effector

Question 13

What is the first step in a reflex?

Answer 13

Stimulation of a receptor

Question 14

What is the classification of neural reflexes based on development?

Answer 14

• Innate: basic neural reflexes formed BEFORE birth
• Acquired: rapid automatic LEARNED motor patterns

Question 15

What are the two types of responses in neural reflex classifications?

Answer 15

• Somatic: involuntary control of skeletal muscles
• Visceral (autonomic reflexes): control involuntary effectors

Question 16

What are the two types of complexity in reflex circuits?

Answer 16

• Monosynaptic: single synapse
• Polysynaptic: at least 1 interneuron

Question 17

What are the processing sites for neural reflexes?

Answer 17

• Spinal: processing occurs in the spinal cord
• Cranial: processing occurs in the brain

Question 18

Describe the steps in the stretch reflex.

Answer 18

• Stimulation of a receptor
• Activation of a sensory neuron
• Information processing in CNS
• Activation of a motor neuron
• Response of peripheral effector

Question 19

What is the stretch reflex known for?

Answer 19

The best known monosynaptic reflex (e.g., patellar/knee-jerk reflex)

Question 20

What triggers the withdrawal reflex?

Answer 20

Strongest triggered by painful stimuli; sometimes initiated by stimulus from touch or pressure receptors

Question 21

What is the role of crossed extensor reflexes?

Answer 21

Involve contralateral reflex arcs; coordinated with flexor reflexes

Question 22

Fill in the blank: The withdrawal reflex moves away from _______.

Answer 22

[stimulus]

Question 23

What accompanies the flexion of the affected side during crossed extensor reflexes?

Answer 23

Extension of the opposite side

Question 24

How is the brain protected and supported?

Answer 24

Cranial bones
CSF
Blood brain barrier
Cranial meninges

Question 25

How does CSF form and circulate?

Answer 25

Produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the ventricles into the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 26

What are the functions of CSF?

Answer 26

*Support the weight of the brain *Cushion the brain/spinal cord from physical trauma *Transport nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes

Question 27

what is the name & function of CN I?

Answer 27

*Olfactory *Transmits olfactory (smell) data to the brain *Sensory only

Question 28

CN II

Answer 28

*Optic *Transmits visual data to the brain *Sensory only

Question 29

CN III

Answer 29

*Oculomotor *Moves the eyeball, constricts pupil, controls eyelid *Motor only

Question 30

CN IV

Answer 30

*Trochlear *Allows for downward and inward eye movements *Motor only

Question 31

CN V

Answer 31

*Trigeminal *Initiates blinking reflex, motor for chewing muscles *Both (sensory/motor)

Question 32

CN VI

Answer 32

*Abducens *Moves eyeball laterally *Motor only

Question 33

CN VII

Answer 33

*Facial *Controls facial expressions, secretion of tears and saliva, moves lips to speak *Both

Question 34

CN VIII

Answer 34

*Vestibulocochlear *Transmits data from senses of hearing and equilibrium to brain *Sensory only

Question 35

CN IX

Answer 35

*Glossopharyngeal *Speech, salivation, swallowing *Both

Question 36

CN X

Answer 36

*Vagus *Controls HR, digestion, and speech *Both

Question 37

CN XI

Answer 37

*Accessory *Cranial-swallowing; Spinal branch-movement of head and shoulders *Motor

Question 38

CN XII

Answer 38

*Hypoglossal *Speech, swallowing, movement of tongue *Motor

Question 39

What are the 4 types of general sensory receptors?

Answer 39

*Nociceptors *Thermoreceptors *Chemoreceptors *Mechanoreceptors

Question 40

What type of stimulus excites nociceptors?

Answer 40

Pain stimulus

Question 41

What is the function of chemoreceptors?

Answer 41

They detect chemical changes in the body and maintain homeostasis (sense levels of O2, CO2, and pH in blood)

Question 42

What is the function of mechanoreceptors?

Answer 42

Detect and respond to mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, vibration)

Question 43

What are the 3 types of mechanoreceptors?

Answer 43

*Proprioceptors *Baroreceptors *Tactile receptors

Question 44

What is the function of baroreceptors?

Answer 44

Detect pressure changes in blood vessels