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Soc Sci 12A: Philosophy > Module 4: Determining Truth > Flashcards

Module 4: Determining Truth Flashcards

1
Q

According to ____, truth lies at the heart of every inquiry.

A

Abella, 2016

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2
Q

The body of real things, events, and facts or the state of being the case

A

Truth

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3
Q

The Greeks understood knowledge as ______ (Abella, 2016).

A

“justified, true belief”

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4
Q

People justify their belief on something or someone through the following:

A
  • Through perception
  • By appeal to authority
  • Use of reasoning
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5
Q

The truth or falsity of a statement is determined by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes that world; something is true or what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to reality or the way things actually are (Glanzberg, 2018)

A

Correspondence theory

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6
Q

Where the word “correspondence” comes from; a combination of two Latin words: “cor” meaning “together” and “respondere” meaning “to answer or respond”

A

Correspondentia

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7
Q

Referred to the idea of things that go together or match

A

Correspondentia

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8
Q

A theory that states that the truth of a proposition is determined by its coherence with other propositions that we believe to be true; a proposition is true if it is consistent with our other beliefs

A

Coherence theory

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9
Q

Derived from the Latin word “cohaerentia” (“co” together and “haerentia” adhering or sticking)

A

Coherence

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10
Q

Proposes that something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context

A

Coherence theory

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11
Q

A philosophical concept which contends that there are no absolute truths; an idea or principle is only true within a particular context; possible for alternative truths

A

Relativism

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12
Q

Knowledge is shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history; knowledge is gained as a part of social experience and requires interaction and collaboration

A

Constructivist theory

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13
Q

A theory of truth that states that the truth of a proposition is determined whether or not it is accepted by a majority of experts or a relevant community; a proposition is true if and only it is believed to be true by the majority of people who are knowledgeable about the subject matter

A

Consensus theory

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14
Q

Used to determine the truth of scientific claims, where experts must agree on a certain phenomenon before it can be established as true

A

Consensus

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15
Q

Something is true if we can put it into practice or is useful in real life; ideas should be tested to confirm their validity

A

Pragmatic theory

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16
Q

Considers that ideas must be verified using the senses or experience

A

Verificationism

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17
Q

Arguments based on faulty reasoning

A

Fallacy

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18
Q

According to ____, a mistake in reasoning is what we call fallacy.

A

Cleave, 2019

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19
Q

When a term is used in two or more different senses within a single argument

A

Equivocation

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20
Q

When there is a defect in the grammatical construction of the sentence; double interpretation due to the structural defect

A

Amphiboly

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21
Q

When an attribute of a specific part is applied to the collective whole

A

Composition

22
Q

When an attribute of the collective whole is applied to a specific part

A

Division

23
Q

Faulty or undue emphasis (accent or tone) upon certain words or statements

A

Accent

24
Q

Instead of responding to (or attacking) the argument a person has made, one attacks the person him or herself.

A

Ad Hominem (against the man)

25
Q

Concludes a proposition to be true because many or most people believe it

A

Ad Populum (appeal to the popular)

26
Q

When we invoke someone whose expertise is not relevant to the issue for which we are invoking in

A

Ad Verecundiam (appeal to authority)

27
Q

Makes a claim based on sympathy or empathetic instead of just or logical grounds

A

Ad Miseriocordiam (appeal to emotion)

28
Q

Uses threats to gain one’s belief or “yes”

A

Ad Baculum (appeal to fear)

29
Q

Holds that a proposition is true because it has yet to be proven as false or a proposition is false because it has yet to be proven as true

A

Ad Ignorantiam (appeal to ignorance)

30
Q

General rule is taken to be universal and the possibility of an exception is ignored

A

Accident (sweeping generalization)

31
Q

The premises are individual cases and the conclusion is a generalization.

A

Converse accident (hasty generalization)

32
Q

We presume two contraries used as contradictions wherein there are only two choices.

A

False dilemma

33
Q

Occurs when one assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises; a kind of circular reasoning; only one idea in the premise and conclusion

A

Begging the question

34
Q

Appears as a single question loaded with two or more hidden distinct questions

A

Complex question

35
Q

Assuming a cause and effect relationship between unrelated events

A

False cause

36
Q

A statement or assertion that can be objectively verified and proven to be true or false; pieces of information that are based on empirical evidence, data, or direct observation and can be demonstrated or supported with little or no room for interpretation and subjectivity

A

Fact

37
Q

Key characteristics of facts:

A
  • Objectice and verifiable
  • Consistent
  • Empirical evidence
38
Q

A personal belief, judgment, or perspective that is not necessarily based on objective, verifiable facts; subjective and can vary from person to person; represent an individual’s feelings, etc.

A

Opinion

39
Q

Key characteristics of opinions:

A
  • Subjective
  • Open to interpretation
  • Not necessarily supposted by objective evidence
40
Q

Refers to a systematic and unfair inclination or prejudice in favor or against a particular person, group, etc.; can influence how information is gathered, interpreted, and presented leading to a distortion of the truth or one-sided perspective

A

Bias

41
Q

Tendency to judge a person’s personality by her actions, without regard for external factors

A

Correspondence bias or attribution effect

42
Q

Tendency to look for and accept information which fits with one’s own views and reject the views that go against it

A

Confirmation bias

43
Q

Focusing on a certain aspect of the problem while ignoring other aspects

A

Framing

44
Q

Tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events

A

Hindsight

45
Q

A person or group is connected to or has vested interest in the issue being discussied

A

Conflict of interest

46
Q

Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards

A

Cultural bias

47
Q

The subject matter of philosophy

A

Questions

48
Q

Major characteristics of questions:

A
  • Philosophical questions have answers, but the answers remain dispute.
  • Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith.
  • Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings
49
Q

The methodology that philosophers use to address philosophical questions

A

Critical thinking

50
Q

The careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of very general interests

A

Critical thinking

51
Q

Critical thinking is a life-long process and includes (Maboloc & Pascua, 2008):

A
  • Defining, analyzing, and devising solutions
  • Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions
  • Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems
  • Willingness to change one’s point of view
  • Continually examining and re-examining ideas
  • Willingness to say “I don’t know”
52
Q

Attributes of a critical thinker:

A
  • Looks for evidence
  • Adjust opinions
  • Looks for proofs
  • Examines problems
  • Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information

Soc Sci 12A: Philosophy (4 decks)

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