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Soc Sci 12A: Philosophy > Module 3: Doing Philosophy > Flashcards

Module 3: Doing Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

According to ____, philosophy begins with wonder.

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

Doing philosophy is to continually engage in ____, ____, and ____ answers.

A
  • Asking
  • Answering
  • Arguing
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3
Q

Issues that philosophers are concerned with:

A
  • Certainty
  • Casuality
  • Ethics
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4
Q

The first major question that philosophers look into

A

Question of reality

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5
Q

The state of existence of things independent of human consciousness; includes physical things that we feel, taste, and smell, as well as things that cannot easily perceive and comprehend

A

Reality

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6
Q

Everything that exists in reality has a specific nature or character.

A

“Objective and absolute” reality

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7
Q

Categories of reality:

A

Concrete and abstract

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8
Q

The branch of philosophy which addresses questions regarding reality

A

Metaphysics

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9
Q

Focuses on the classification of existing things

A

Ontology

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10
Q

The second major focus of philosophical investigation

A

Question of certainty

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11
Q

Refers to perfect knowledge that is free from error or doubt

A

Certainty

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12
Q

A central concept in the question of certainty

A

Truth

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13
Q

Also related to the question of certainty; the means by which wo/man is able to know

A

Knowledge

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14
Q

A theory on knowledge which believes that knowledge is a priori knowledge or based on pure reasoning without the benefit of any experience

A

Rationalism

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15
Q

A theory which considers knowledge to be a posteriori knowledge or knowledge from experience

A

Empiricism

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16
Q

Questions the certainty of established doctrines or truths and believes that the mind has limits in perceiving and understanding reality

A

Skepticism

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17
Q

The branch of philosophy which deals with the nature and extent of knowledge

A

Epistemology

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18
Q

The cause of events and phenomena

A

Questions of casuality

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19
Q

Closely related to the concept of casuality

A

Questions regarding the origin of things

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20
Q

The explanation of a thing’s function or goal; final or ultimate cause

A

Purpose

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21
Q

The capacity of man to govern or control his actions

A

Agency

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22
Q

The ability to choose among possible actions

A

Free will

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23
Q

An important aspect of discussion on agency and free will

A

Choice

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24
Q

An important perspective regarding casuality and agency which shows that each event is determined or influenced by a specific set of events or factors

A

Determinism

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25
Q

Refers to a predetermined course of events leading to a specific outcome or future

A

Destiny

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26
Q

The branch of philosophy that studies casuality

A

Etiology

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27
Q

The branch that deals with the questions of purpose

A

Teleology

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28
Q

The final significant problem that philosophy tackles

A

Question of ethics

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29
Q

Deals with the standards of right and wrong which define human behavior; a field of study that disucsses and defines the concepts and principles which are meant to govern reasoning and action

A

Ethics

30
Q

Important concepts related to ethics:

A
  • Right and wrong
  • The greater good
  • Duty
  • Obligation
  • Virture
31
Q

The branch that seeks to apply and analyze these concepts in various situations, contexts, and cultures, and recommends guidelines that will govern the decisions and actions of people

A

Ethics or Moral Philosphy

32
Q

Steps of philosophers in their philosophical studies:

A
  • Systematic doubt
  • Argument
  • Socratic method
  • Axiom
  • Occam’s Razor

SASAO

33
Q

A method that implies the suspension of belief about absolutely everything

A

Systematic doubt

34
Q

According to him, the only thing that he cannot doubt is that he is doubting, he is thinking, and therefore must exist.

A

Descartes

35
Q

Means I think, therefore I am (Klempner, 2012)

A

“Cogito ergo sum”

36
Q

Engage in discussion and debate on their ideas; a constitutive of two or more claims

A

Argument

37
Q

The claim the arguments intend to give a reason for believing

A

Conclusion

38
Q

Taken together supports the reason for believing its conclusion (Payne, 2015)

A

Premises

39
Q

Also known as the elenchus or elenctic method; a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, which is based on asking and answering questions in order to encourage critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions

A

Socratic method

40
Q

Involves a discussion in which the defense of one point of view is questioned; one participant may lead to contradict themselves in some way, thus weakening the defender’s stance

A

Dialectical method

41
Q

An established rule or principle or self-evident truth (Merriam-Webster, 2020); a statement or proposition that needs no proof because its truth is obvious, or one that is accepted as true without proof

A

Axiom

42
Q

A problem-solving device which is employed in analyzing possible explanations regarding a phenomenon

A

Occam’s Razor

43
Q

According to him, Occam’s Razor is a principle stating that among possible explanations, the one which has the least assumptions is the most acceptable.

A

Abella, 2016

44
Q

Practical uses of philosophy:

A
  • Engage in analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems
  • Problem-solving and decision making
  • Good communicator
  • Wisdom
  • Self-development
45
Q

The ability to apply knowledge to daily life (choices, judgment)

A

Wisdom

46
Q

Capacity for inquiry, critical thinking, and reflection

A

Self-development

47
Q

Everyone sees and interprets the world in their own unique way.

A

Perspective

48
Q

Factors that influence how we perceive this phenomenon and organize our beliefs and ideas:

A
  • Family
  • Education
  • Social environment
  • Upbringing
49
Q

Two ways of how we “look at things”:

A

Partial point of view, holistic perspective

50
Q

Defined as a stance or point of view from which something is considered or evaluated (Merriam-Webster, 2020); focuses on the specifics of only one aspect of the whole

A

Point of view

51
Q

An important component of analytical thinking; has a narrow focus and overlooks the role that the part plays in the overall operation

A

Partial thinking

52
Q

Defined as relating to or concerned with wholes or complete systems rather than analyzing, treating, or dissecting into parts (Merriam-Webster, 2020); looking from a macro perspective

A

Holistic way of thinking

53
Q

Entails looking at or considering the entire picture (“big picture”); focuses on the operation of the various elements or parts that comprise the larger whole

A

Holistic thinking

54
Q

Sees an event as it is; only externally focused on specific aspects of external reality

A

Partial point of view

55
Q

Produces a more comprehensive and integrated outlook on life

A

Holistic perspective

56
Q

Concerned with looking at and thinking about our experiences, actions, feelings, and responses, and then interpreting or analyzing them in order to learn from them (Atkins and Murphy, 1994)

A

Reflection

57
Q

An important process in philosophy because it leads to the development of individual skills that are useful in everyday life

A

Reflection

58
Q

According to ______, reflection is the act of devoting time to contemplating the meaning and purpose of one’s life.

A

Marcel

59
Q

Two kinds of philosophical reflection:

A

Primary reflection, secondary reflection

60
Q

Investigates its object through abstraction, dissecting and breaking it down into its constituent parts; concerned with definitions, essences, and problem-solving techniques

A

Primary reflection

61
Q

Synthetic and seeks to unite rather than divide (Treanor & Sweetman, 2016)

A

Secondary reflection

62
Q

Tends to dissolve the unity of experience of the object being reflected on; associated with a partial point of view because it is fragmented and compartmentalized; does not make sense in context

A

Primary reflection

63
Q

Re-creates the unity of the original experience by collecting what primary reflection has dissected; allows us to think in a more holistic manner

A

Secondary reflection

64
Q

Allows us to see connections and relations of people, places, events, actions, and its effects

A

Reflection

65
Q

A critical philosophical process for ensuring that our choices, decisions, and actions are well thought out and take into account the implications and consequences; enables us to determine whether our decisions and actions are logical or illogical

A

Reflection

66
Q

Doing philosophy, when confronted with issues and concerns, enables a person to think ____ and ____.

A

Critically, analytically

67
Q

Improves our problem-solving abilities and aids us in making decisions

A

Doing philosophy

68
Q

When doing philosophy, it is critical to maintain a ______.

A

Holistic perspective

69
Q

The ultimate goal of doing philosophy

A

Achieve wisdom

70
Q

Valuable skills that philosophy provides:

A
  • Analyze a problem or dilemma
  • Identify the key elements
  • Generate alternative solutiuons

Soc Sci 12A: Philosophy (4 decks)

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