Module 4- Core organic chemistry and analysis Flashcards
Hydrocarbon
A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
Saturated
Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only
Unsaturated
Contains a C=C double bond
General formula
Algebraic formula for a homologous series e.g. CnH2n
Structural formula
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3,
Displayed formula
All the covalent bonds present in a molecule
Skeletal formula
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional Groups
Aliphatic
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
Alicyclic
An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Aromatic
A compound containing a benzene ring
Homologous series
Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula
Functional group
An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties
Structural isomers
Molecules with same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae)
Chain isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton
Position isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton
Functional group isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups
Free Radical
A reactive species which possess an unpaired electron
Homolytic fission
Each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond
Heterolytic fission
One atom gets both electrons
Cracking
Conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules of by breakage of C-C bonds
Addition reaction
A reaction where two molecules react together to produce one
Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
Primary Haloalkane
One carbon attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen
Secondary Haloalkane
Two carbons attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen
Tertiary Haloalkane
Three carbons attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen
Hydrolysis
The splitting of a molecule ( in this case a haloalkane) by a reaction with water
Delocalised electrons
are shared between more than two atoms.
Addition reaction
is one in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make it saturated.
Substitution reaction
is on in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with different atom or group of atoms.
Electrophile
is an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to electron rich centres, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Curly arrow
is a symbol used to show the movement of an electron pair.
Electronegativity
– is a measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in its covalent bonds.
Stem
is the longest carbon chain present in an organic molecule
Redox reaction
is one where both reduction and oxidation takes place.
Reflux
is the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry.
Nucleophile
is a species which is attracted to electron deficient centres, where it donates an electron pair to form a new covalent bond.
Esterification
is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form a ester and water.
Hydrolysis
is a reaction with water or hydroxide that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds.
