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BIOL1040 > MODULE 4: Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

MODULE 4: Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Open Circulatory System

A
  • one type of fluid (hemolymph)
  • heart pulses = fluid out
  • heart relaxes = fluid in
  • simple to maintain
  • less energy/lower pressure
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2
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A
  • two types of fluid
  • circulatory fluid never leaves system (blood)
  • interstitial fluid on outside
  • exchange happens b/w two fluids
  • high pressure
  • increased efficiency for meeting high metabolic demand
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3
Q

Vein

A

blood to heart

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4
Q

Artery

A

blood away from heart

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5
Q

Ventricle

A
  • receives blood from atrium
  • left V pumps to all parts of body
  • right V pumps to lungs
  • works against gravity so has thick muscle
  • left V has thickest muscle of heart
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6
Q

Atriums

A
  • blood enters heart through two atria
  • deoxeygenated blood enters through right atrium via vena cava and is pumped into pulmonary veins through lungs
  • oxygenated blood enters left atrium through pulmonary vein and is pumped into left ventricle
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7
Q

Atrioventricular Valve

A

b/w atrium and ventricle (both left and right)

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8
Q

Semilunar Valve

A
  • b/w right ventricular and lungs

- b/w left ventricular and aorta

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9
Q

Flow of Blood Through CV System

A
  • right ventricle relaxes
  • right ventricle contracts and pushes blood through pulmonary arteries
  • blood reaches lungs where exchange occurs
  • fresh oxygenated blood collected by pulmonary veins
  • empty oxygenated blood into left side
  • reaches left atrium and goes to left ventricle
  • from left ventricle goes through aorta and is supplied to all parts of the body
  • deoxygenated blood collected by posterior & anterior vena cava
  • deoxygenated blood goes through right atrium to right ventricle (cycle repeats)
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10
Q

Cardiac Output

A

= heart rate x stroke volume
= 70 beats/min x 75mL/beat
= 5L/min

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11
Q
  1. Atrial and Ventricular Diastole
  2. Atrial Systole and Ventricular Diastole
  3. Ventricular Systole and Atrial Diastole
A
    • atrioventricular valves open
    • semilunar valves closed
    • 0.4 seconds
    • 0.1 seconds
    • atrioventricular valves closed
    • semilunar valves open
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12
Q

Pacemaker

A
  • 1% of cells
  • generate own AP
  • spreads to nonpacemaker cells
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13
Q

Sinoatria Node (SA Node)

A
  • contains pacemaker
  • sets rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle contracts
  • impulses trave; to atrioventricular node
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14
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

A
  • impulses from SA node are delayed

- travel to Purkinje fibres which make ventricles contract

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15
Q

Artery Structure

A
  • endothelium
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissue
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16
Q

Capillary Structure

A
  • endothelium

- basement membrane

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17
Q

Vein Structure

A
  • valve
  • endothelium
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissue
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18
Q

Veins - Skeletal Muscle and Valves

A
  • in thinner walled veins, blood flows back to heart as a result of muscle action and valves
  • muscle contracts and valve opens, blood vessel squeezed and blood moves up
  • muscle relaxes and valves closes to prevent backflow
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19
Q

Veins - Odema

A
  • pooling of blood in distended veins

- increase filtration = swelling of ankles and feet

20
Q

Capillaries - Exchange

A
  • exchange of substances b/w blood and interstitial fluid takes place across thing endothelial walls of capillaries
  • substances move in and out via pores
  • plasma proteins never leave capillary to make process efficient
21
Q

Capillary Function

A
  • capillaries in major organs usually filled to capacity
  • blood supply varies in other sites
  • regulates distribution of blood in capillary beds
  • contraction of smooth muscle layer in wall of arteriole constricts vessel (e.g. digestive tract during exercise)
22
Q

Systolic / Diastolic Pressure

A

Systolic pressure: press in arteries during ventricular systole. Highest pressure in arteries
Diastolic pressure: during ventricular diastole. Lowest pressure in arteries

23
Q

Laminar Flow

A
  • no sound

- blood flow in same direction

24
Q

Turbulent Flow

A
  • creates sound
  • blood flow in different directions
  • laminar flow –> increase pressure to close artery –> decrease pressure –> turbulent flow –> sound
25
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure

A
  • partly determined by cardiac output
  • nervous & hormonal stimuli can affect contraction of smooth muscle in arteries
  • vasoconstriction (smooth muscle) narrows the arteries and upstream blood pressure increases
  • vasodilation widens the arteries and blood pressure decreases
  • this allows regional regulation of blood flow
26
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • approx. 85% of fluid leaving capillaries re-enters due to osmotic pressure
  • remaining fluid is returned to blood via lymphatic system
  • plays important role in body’s defence mechanism
27
Q

Blood Composition

A
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% red blood cells (packed cell volume = haematocrit)
  • buffycoat = platelets & white blood cells
28
Q

Plasma Composition

A

Function - solvent for carrying substances

Plasma proteins

  • albumin: osmotic balance and pH buffering
  • fibrinogen: clotting
  • immunoglobulins: antibodies and defence
29
Q

Respiration on a Cellular Level

A
  • occurs via passive diffusion and needs a concentration gradient
  • need thin cells with large surface area so molecules do not have to travel far
  • respiratory surface must be moist so gas can dissolve and diffuse into cells
30
Q

Gills

A
  • water sucked in through mouth and pumped to gills
  • opposite to flow of circulation in gills
  • this is very efficient –> countercurrent exchange system
  • ppO2 in water always higher than in blood meaning O2 constantly diffuses into blood
31
Q

Tracheal Systems in Insects

A
  • air travels through trachea into smaller and smaller airways
  • air transported directly to tissues
  • dry environment = difficult to maintain moisture
32
Q

Mammalian Respiratory System

A

Nasal cavity:

  • takes in air
  • heats and moisturises

Trachea:

  • windpipes
  • passage of air

Bonchus
- separates into left and right lungs

Alveoli:

  • where gas exchange occurs
  • huge surface area

Double circulation is very efficient:
Lungs = low pressure
Blood vessels = high pressure

33
Q

Negative Pressure Breathing

A

Inhalation;

  • diaphragm contracts
  • rib cage expands as rib muscles contract
  • negative pressure compared to atmosphere

Exhalation:

  • rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • positive pressure compared to atmosphere –> air moves out
34
Q

Pleural Sac

A
  • forms double membrane surrounding the lung
  • “fluid filled balloon surrounding an air filled balloon”
  • pleural fluid has very small volume
  • protects fragile lung tissue
  • lungs constantly expanding

elastic recoil of chest wall tries to pull chest wall outward

Elastic recoil of lung creates inward pull

35
Q

Regulation of Breathing

A

Homeostasis: blood pH~ 7.4
—>
Stimulus: rising levels of CO2 in tissues lowers blood pH
—>
Sensors in major blood vessels detect decrease in blood pH. Medulla detects decrease in pH of cerebrospinal fluis
—>
Sensor Centre: medulla receives from major blood vessels
—>
Response: Signals from medulla to rib muscles and diaphragm increase rate and depth of ventilation. CO2 level decreases and pH is restored to normal
—>
Homeostasis: blood pH~ 7.4

36
Q

Mechanisms for Transport of Large Amounts of CO2 and O2

A
  • gasses diffuse down pressure gradients
  • Fick’s law of diffusion
  • depends on differences in pp of gasses
  • respiratory pigments transport gasses in blood
  • overcome the low solubility of gasses in blood
  • Haemocyanin: arthropods, molluscs
  • Haemoglobin: invertebrates and vertebrates
  • Increases from 4.5mL dissolved O2 per litre of blood to 200mL/L
37
Q

O2 Use During Intense Exercise

A

2L of O2 per minute

38
Q

Partial Pressures in Circulation

A 
INHALED AIR
pO2 = 160mmHg
pCO2 = 0.2mmHg
--->
ALVEOLAR SPACES
pO2 = 104mmHg
pCO2 = 40mmHg
--->
PULMONARY VEINS / SYSTEMATIC ARTERIES
pO2 = 104mmHg
pCO2 = 40mmHg
--->
BODY TISSUES
supplying O2 and taking CO2 from cellular processes
pO2 < 40mmHg
pCOS > 45mmHg
--->
SYSTEMATIC VEINS / PULMONARY ARTIERIES
pO2 = 40mmHg
pCO2 = 45mmHg

EXHALED AIR
pO2 = 120mmHg
pCO2 = 27mmHg

39
Q

Haemoglobin

A
  • consists of 4 polypeptide chains per molecule
  • each chain contain a heme group which has an Fe2+ ion
  • O2 binds to heme group
  • 4 oxygen molecules per haemoglobin

positive cooperativity:
one heme group bonds to O2, strucutre of haemoglobin changes to make it easier for another O2 to bind

draw boar shift diagram
blood more acidic during exercise –> curve moves to right

40
Q

Diving Mammals

A

Store large amounts of O2

  • large volume of blood
  • huge spleen which can store 24L of blood
  • high concentration of myoglobin (binds to O2) in muscles

Adaptations to conserve O2 during a dive

  • decrease heart rate
  • decrease blood supply to muscles

Short term response to environmental and natural selection

41
Q

Blood Clotting

A
  • platelets release chemicals and stick together, forming a platelete plug
  • initiates clotting cascade
  • results in active thrombin which activates fibrin
  • forms fibrin clot
42
Q

O2 Delivery To An Athletes Muscles During A Race

A
  • increased cardiac output —> increased blood flow to muscle
  • increased cellular respiration uses O2
  • pO2 in tissue capillaries drops to < 40mmHg
  • decrease O2 saturation of haemoglobin
  • increase O2 release into tissues
43
Q

Tidal Volume

A

normal volume of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation
normal tidal volume is ~ 500mL

44
Q

Vital Capacity

A

greatest volume of air that can be expelled after taking the deepest possible breath

45
Q

Residual Volume

A

volume of air still remaining in lungs after exhaling as much air as possible

BIOL1040 (7 decks)

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