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BIOL1040 > MODULE 2: Nervous Systems > Flashcards

MODULE 2: Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Information Processing

A
  1. sensory input
  2. integration
    3 motor output
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2
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • detect light, sound, etc
  • dendrites connect directly to axon
  • cell body located in middle of axon
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3
Q

Interneuron

A
  • central nervous system (spine & brain)
  • collect info into cell body
    axons take to more cells
  • one axon takes info into complex dendrite tree
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4
Q

Motor Neuron

A
  • dendrites collect info into cell body
  • no synapse
  • one axon from nervous system to muscle tissue
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5
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • gila cells
  • central nervous system
  • provide support
  • regulate extracellular concentration of ions and neurotransmitters
  • formation of blood brain barrier
  • compound must be VERY lipidphilic to enter brain
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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

A
  • oligodendrocytes = CNS
  • schwann cells = PNS
  • form myelin sheaths around axons
  • node of ranvier (Exposed axon) causes action potential
  • lipid membranes –> insulator
  • defective insulator makes electrical signals stop before end of neuron
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7
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

resting potential is negative

-70 mV

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8
Q

Ion Gradient / ATPase Pump

A
  • Na+/K+ Atpase pumps 3 Na+ out of cell and 2 K+ into cell
  • results in neg charge inside cell
  • against concentration –> uses transporter for energy
  • electrogenic pump (neg charge inside cell)

OUTSIDE
5mM K+, 150mM Na+, 120mM Cl-

INSIDE
140mM K+, 15mM Na+, 100mM A-

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9
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A
  • inside of membrane becomes more negative
  • opening of VG K+ channels
  • K+ out
  • increase membrane potential
  • slower
  • closed open
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10
Q

Depolarisation

A
  • inside of membrane becomes more positive
  • opening of coltage gated Na+ channels
  • Na+ in
  • decrease membrane potential
  • fast
  • closed –> open –> inactivated –> closed…
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11
Q

Action Potential Graph

A
  1. resting stage - VG ion channels closed
  2. Stimulus - causes a few Na+ channels to open, Na+ in
  3. Depolarisation - if threshold reached, lots of Na+ channels open
  4. Hyperpolarisation - K+ channels open & K+ out. Na+ channels inactivate
  5. Undershoot - small hyperpolarisation. Also need ATPase to restore ion concentrations
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12
Q

Refractory Period

A
  • VG Na+ channels inactivated during repolarisation
  • during absolute refractory period (peak), no AP can be generated
  • during trlative refractory period (undershoot), AP only if large stimulus
  • some Na+ channels closed again
  • limits firing frequency of neuson
  • local anaesthetics don’t allow channels to go from inactivated –> closed, no pain signals
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13
Q

Factors Affecting Conduction Speed

A

Axon diameter
- increase diameter –
> decrease resistance = faster

Temperature

  • chemical reactions occur faster at higher temps
  • more kinetic energy

Degree of Myelination

  • myelin insulates axon membrane = faster
  • affected more by myelin than diameter
  • AP only generated at nodes of ranvier (saltatory conduction)
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14
Q

Neurotransmitter Release at Chemical Synapse

A
  • chemical stored in synaptic vesicle (not metabolised)
  • exocytosis occurs
  • axon signal passes through ligand gated ion channel
  • allows Ca2+ to enter presynaptic neuron via VG Ca2+ channels
  • Ca2+ causes fusion of vesicle and membrane –> release of neurotransmitters
  • depolarisation —> excitatory post synaptic potential
  • hyperpolarisation —> inhibitory post synaptic potential
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15
Q

Temporal Summation

A
  • several EPSPs from same synapse just after each other

- can reach threshold at axon hillock —> axon potential

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16
Q

Spatial Summation

A
  • two or more EPSPs from different synapses

- EPSP + IPSP = unlikely to reach AP

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17
Q

Potentials: Postsynaptic vs Action

A

Postsynaptic

  • EPSP or IPSP
  • graded
  • local
  • at cell body or dendrites

Action

  • depolarisation
  • “all or nothing”
  • EPSPs add up to cause AP
  • generated at axon hillock
18
Q

Direct Synaptic Transmission

A
  • fastest (ms)
  • neurotransmitters open ion channels on postsynaptic membrane
  • action via ligand gated ion channels (opened via neurotransmitter binding)
19
Q

Indirect Synaptic Transmission

A
  • neurotransmitter binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
  • activates a signal transduction pathway
  • involves a second messenger (GPCR)
  • slower (s)
20
Q

Removal of Neurotransmitters From Synaptic Cleft

A
  • must be quick
  • can be lost to diffusion or enzymes
  • can be recycled by transporters back into neuron
21
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • both PNS and CNS contain sensory and motor neurons
  • contains ganglia (segmentally arranged clusters of neurons)
  • contains somatic nervours system (voluntary) and automatic nervous system (involuntary)
22
Q

Dorsal/Posterior

A

back of body

23
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A
  • sympathetic division
  • parasympathetic division
  • entric division (intestines)
24
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A
  • from cervical & sacral region
  • long pre ganglionic fibre
  • short post ganglionic fibre
  • “rest & digest”
  • calming
  • often opposite response to sympathetic division
25
Q

Sympathetic Division

A
  • from thoracic and lumbar region
  • short pre ganglionic fibre
  • long post ganglionic fibre
  • “fight or flight”
  • bronchi dilate
  • increase heart rate
  • glycogen to glucose
  • adrenaline secretion
  • digestion inhibited
26
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

27
Q

The Brain

A
  • Forebrain: cerebrum and diencephalon
  • Midbrain: part of brainstem
  • Hindbrain: part of brainstem and cerebellum
  • grey matter outside, white matter inside
28
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • protects CNS
  • clear fluid
  • subarachnoid space (b/w skull and cortex)
  • 4 ventricles and central canal
  • supplies nutrients and horomones
  • removes waste
  • blocked flow in hydrocephalus
29
Q

Spinal Cord

A

white matter outside

grey matter inside

30
Q

Brainstem

A
  • oldest part
  • basic functions
  • homeostasis, movement
  • transfers info to rest of brain
  • made of three parts: pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
  • reticular formation –> selectivity filter than determines arousal and sleep
31
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • coordination
  • motor function
  • cognitive and perceptual function
32
Q

Diencephalon

A

Epithalamus:

  • connects limbic system (emotional) to rest of brain
  • pineal gland –> melatonin (sleep)

Thalamus:

  • input from sensory neurons
  • output via motor neurons

Hypothalamus:

  • homeostasis regulation
  • biological clock
  • temp regulation
  • survival (hunger, thirst, etc)
33
Q

Ventral/Anterior

A

front of body

34
Q

Cerebrum / Cerebral Cortex

A
  • neocortex
  • left and right hemisphere connected via corpus callosum
  • basal nuclei: deep in tissue and important for movement
  • four lobes
  • frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
35
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • prefrontal cortex = decision making, planning
  • motor cortex = control of skeletal muscle
  • Broca’s area = forming speech
36
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • auditory cortex = hearing

- Warnicke’s area = comprehending language

37
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • somasensory cortex (touch)

- sensory integration cortex (integration of sensory info)

38
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • visual cortex = processing visual stimuli, pattern recognition
  • visual association cortex = combining images and object recognition
39
Q

Limbic System

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • olfactory bulb
  • hippocampus (memory)
  • amygdala (fear)
40
Q

Long-term Potentiation

A
  • high frequency transmission
  • results in increase size of postsynaptic potentials at synapse
  • fundamental process for storing memories —> learning

BIOL1040 (7 decks)

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