Module 4: Chapter 4 Carbohydrates Answer the following

Question 1

Identify foods and food groups that contain carbohydrates.

Answer 1

Fruit
Vegetables
Dairy
Grains

Question 2

If you would like to buy whole grain bread, what should you look for on the label?

Answer 2

More than 20 percent DV fiber

Question 3

Identify the monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Answer 3

Monosaccharides:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides:
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

Question 4

What are the polysaccharides?

Answer 4

Polysaccharides:
Starches
Fiber
Glycogen

Question 5

What is the preferred fuel for most body functions?

Answer 5

Glucose

Question 6

Identify benefits of a high fiber diet and risks of a low fiber diet.

Answer 6

The benefits of a high fiber diet:
Improves blood glucose levels
Reduces blood cholesterol levels
Potential aid for weight control
Supports digestion and optimizes colon health

Question 7

Identify high fiber foods.

Answer 7

Fruits
Vegetables
Whole grains

Question 8

Describe digestion of carbohydrates including the functions/processes of the following: mouth, salivary amylase, small intestine, pancreatic amylase, liver, glucose.

Answer 8

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the mechanical action of chewing and the chemical action of salivary amylase. Carbohydrates are not chemically broken down in the stomach, but rather in the small intestine. Pancreatic amylase and the disaccharidases finish the chemical breakdown of digestible carbohydrates.

Question 9

Describe absorption of carbohydrates.

Question 10

Which hormone is released when your blood glucose levels fall too low?

Answer 10

Glucagon

Question 11

Which hormone is released after a meal?

Question 12

Identify where insulin is manufactured in the body, what triggers its production, and its function in the body.

Answer 12

In the pancreas, Beta cells in the pancreas sense the increase in blood glucose and release a hormone, insulin, into the blood. It regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.

Question 13

Where are carbohydrates stored in humans?

Answer 13

In the liver and muscle

Question 14

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

There are four primary functions of carbohydrates in the human body. They are energy production, energy storage, sparing protein, and preventing ketosis.

Question 15

When carbohydrate intake is inadequate, __________ are an alternative fuel produced from incomplete breakdown of body fat.

Answer 15

Lipids

Question 16

What are the DRIs for carbohydrate? (Include the RDA, AMDR and recommendations for added sugars and fiber)

Answer 16

Dietary Reference Intakes for Carbohydrates and Fiber
Carbohydrate Type RDA (g/day) AMDR (% calories)
Total Carbohydrates 130 45–65
Added Sugars < 10
Fiber 38 (men),* 25 (women)*
* denotes Adequate Intake

Question 17

Carbohydrates provide ______ kcal of energy per gram.

Question 18

Describe type 1, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.

Answer 18

Type 1 is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas does not produce insulin and injections of insulin is necessary to prevent deadly symptoms.
Type 2 is Type 2 diabetes results when the pancreas produces enough insulin initially, but the body’s cells no longer respond appropriately and are unable to use the hormone properly (insulin resistance).During insulin resistance, the body’s cells no longer receive the full physiological message of insulin to take up glucose from the blood (Figure 4.6.2
). Hyperglycemia results because cells cannot take in the glucose from the blood. Thus, similar to patients with Type 1 diabetes, those with Type 2 diabetes also have high blood-glucose levels.
Gestational diabetes: uring pregnancy some women develop gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is characterized by high blood-glucose levels and insulin resistance. The exact cause is not known but does involve the effects of pregnancy hormones on how cells respond to insulin. Gestational diabetes can cause pregnancy complications and it is common practice for healthcare practitioners to screen pregnant women for this metabolic disorder. The disorder normally ceases when the pregnancy is over, but women who had gestational diabetes are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes later in life.3 Gestational diabetes not only affects the health of a pregnant woman but also is associated with an increased risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in her child.

Question 19

Identify the long-term health consequences of diabetes.

Answer 19

The most common complication is hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar), which gradually leads to damage in many of the body’s systems, most notably the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart and blood vessels.
Uncontrolled diabetes can cause nerve damage, kidney damage, blindness, amputations, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and diabetic ketoacidosis (which can result in coma and/or death).

Question 20

Identify alternative sweeteners and determine if they are safe to consume.

Answer 20

Aspartame : Nutrasweet, Equal - Not safe for people with PKU rare genetic disorder
Saccharin: Sweet ‘n’ low
Acesulfame K: Sunnet, Sweet One
Sucralose: Splenda
Stevioside: Stevia/Sweet leaf
Siraitia grosvenorii: Monk Fruit
Sugar Alcohols: Sorbitol, Xylitol, Mannitol

All in moderation but I would choose more natural alternatives to sugar

Question 21

Describe who should not use aspartame and why.

Answer 21

People who have the rare genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) have to avoid products containing aspartame. Individuals who have PKU do not have a functional enzyme that converts phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine. This causes a build-up of phenylalanine and its metabolic products in the body. If PKU is not treated, the build-up of phenylalanine causes progressive brain damage and seizures. The FDA requires products that contain aspartame to state on the product label, “Phenylketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine.”