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A Level Chemistry > Module 4: Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 4: Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Organic Chemistry?

A

The study of carbon chemistry, excluding carbonates, simple carbon oxides, and carbide

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2
Q

What is the functional group of a Carboxylic Acid?

A

-COOH (carboxy group)

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3
Q

What is the general structure of a carboxylic acid?

A
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4
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

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5
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of a carboxylic acid?

A

carboxy-

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6
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COOR

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7
Q

What is the general structure of an ester?

A
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8
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of an ester?

A

-yl -oate

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9
Q

How do you name an ester?

A

(alcohol prefix)-yl (carboxylic acid prefix)-oate

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10
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of an ester?

A

(R)-oxycarbonyl

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11
Q

What is the functional group of an acid halide?

A

-COX

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12
Q

What is the general structure of an acid halide?

A
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13
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of an acid halide?

A

-oyl halide

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14
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of an acid halide?

A

halocarbonyl-

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15
Q

What is the functional group of a primary amide?

A

-CONH2

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16
Q

What is the functional group of a secondary amide

A

-CONHR

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17
Q

What is the functional group of a tertiary amide?

A

CONR2

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18
Q

What is the general strucure of a primary amide?

A
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19
Q

What is the general strucure of a secondary amide?

A
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20
Q

What is the general strucure of a tertiary amide?

A
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21
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of an amide?

A

-amide

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22
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of an amide?

A

carbamoyl-

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23
Q

What is the functional group of a nitrile?

A

(triple bond)

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24
Q

What is the general structure of a nitrile?

A
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25
Q

What is the suffix (When primary) of a nitrile?

A

(full alkane name) -nitrile

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26
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of a nitrile?

A

cyano-

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27
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

C=O carbonyl group

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28
Q

What is the general structure of an aldehyde?

A
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29
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of an aldehyde?

A

-al

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30
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of an aldehyde?

A

oxo-

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31
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

C=O carbonyl group

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32
Q

What is the general structure of a ketone?

A
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33
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of a ketone?

A

-one

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34
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of a ketone?

A

oxo-

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35
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

-OH hydroxy group

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36
Q

What is the general structure of an alcohol?

A
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37
Q

What is the suffix (When primary) of an alcohol?

A

-ol

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38
Q

What is the prefix (When secondary) of an alcohol?

A

hydroxy-

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39
Q

What is the functional group of a thiol?

A

-SH mercapto group

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40
Q

What is the general structure of a thiol?

A
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41
Q

What is the suffix (When primary) of a thiol?

A

-thiol

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42
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of a thiol?

A

sulfanyl-

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43
Q

What is the functional group of a primary amine?

A

-NH2

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44
Q

What is the general structure of a primary amine?

A
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45
Q

What is the functional group of a secondary amine?

A

-NHR

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46
Q

What is the general structure of a secondary amine?

A
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47
Q

What is the functional group of a tertiary amine?

A

-NR2

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48
Q

What is the general strucutre of a tertiary amine?

A
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49
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of an amine?

A

-amine

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50
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of an amine?

A

amino-

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51
Q

What is the functional group of an imine?

A

C=N (double bond)

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52
Q

What is the general structure of an imine?

A
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53
Q

What is the suffix (when primary) of an imine?

A

-imine

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54
Q

What is the prefix (when secondary) of an imine?

A

R-imino

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55
Q

What is the functional group of an ether?

A
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56
Q

What is the general structure of an ether?

A
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57
Q

How do you name an ether?

A

ethers are named as R(prefix)-oxy-alkane, where R is the most basic alkyl group and alkane is the most complex alkyl group, i.e methoxypropane or propoxybutane

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58
Q

What is the general structure of a sulfide?

A
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59
Q

What is the functional group of a sulfide?

A

-SR alkylthio group

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60
Q

What is the prefix for sulfide?

A

R-sulfanyl

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61
Q

What is the functional group for an alkene?

A

C=C

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62
Q

What is the suffix for alkene?

A

-ene

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63
Q

What is the functional group for alkyne?

A

C≡C

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64
Q

What is the suffix for alkynes?

A

-yne

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65
Q

What is the functional group for an alkyl halide/haloalkane?

A

-X

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66
Q

What is the general structure of an alkyl halide/haloalkane?

A
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67
Q

What is the prefix for an alkyl halide/haloalkane?

A

halo-
(chloro-, iodo-, fluoro-)

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68
Q

What is the functional group of an anhydride?

A
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69
Q

What is the general structure of an anhydride?

A
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70
Q

What is the suffix for a symmetrical anhydride?

A

carboxylic anhydride
(carboxylic comes from the carboxylic acid used to produce the anyhydride)

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71
Q

What is the functional group priority list? (from highest to lowest)

A
  1. Carboxylic Acid
  2. Anhydrides
  3. Esters
  4. Acid Halides
  5. Amides (1°, 2°, 3°)
  6. Nitriles
  7. Aldehydes
  8. Ketones
  9. Alcohol (1°, 2°, 3°)
  10. Thiol
  11. Amine (1°, 2°, 3°)
  12. Imine
  13. Ether
  14. Sulfide
  15. Alkene
  16. Alkyne
  17. Haloalkane
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72
Q

What is the carbonyl functional group?

A
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73
Q

What homologous series does the carbonyl functional group belong to?

A

Aldehydes and Ketones

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74
Q

What is an aldehyde?

A

An organic compound containing the carbonyl functional group on a terminal carbon atom

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75
Q

What is a ketone?

A

An organic compound containing the carbonyl functional group on a non-terminal carbon atom

76
Q

What is the functional group of an alkane?

A

There is no functional group

77
Q

What is the general structure of an alkane?

A

R-H

78
Q

What is the prefix for 1 carbon atom?

A

meth-

79
Q

What is the prefix for 2 carbon atoms?

A

eth-

80
Q

What is the prefix for 3 carbon atoms?

A

prop-

81
Q

What is the prefix for 4 carbon atoms?

A

but-

82
Q

What is the prefix for 5 carbon atoms?

A

pent-

83
Q

What is the prefix for 6 carbon atoms?

A

hex-

84
Q

What is the prefix for 7 carbon atoms?

A

hept-

85
Q

What is the prefix for 8 carbon atoms?

A

oct-

86
Q

What is the prefix for 9 carbon atoms?

A

non-

87
Q

What is the prefix for 10 carbon atoms?

A

dec-

88
Q

What is the prefix for 11 carbon atoms?

A

undec-

89
Q

What is the prefix for 12 carbon atoms?

A

dodec-

90
Q

What is the alkyl group represented by?

A

R-

91
Q

What is the general formula for an alkyl?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁

92
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

An alkyl group is an alkane with a hydrogen removed

93
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

A hydrocarbon is a covalent compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

94
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon only contains single bonds

95
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds, such as the carbon-carbon double bond in an alkene or the carbon-carbon triple bond in an alkyne

96
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a family of compounds with similar chemical properties, as they have the same functional group, whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH₂- group.

97
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms that is part of an organic molecule and is responsible for the molecules characteristic chemical properties

98
Q

Why can carbon form so many compounds?

A

Carbon contains 4 valence electrons and therefore can form 4 covalent bonds to other atoms

99
Q

What is the general formula of an organic compound?

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

100
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The structural formula uses the minimal amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule but not the bonds between them

101
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

The displayed formula shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

102
Q

What are the different types of chemical formula?

A
  • Molecular formula
  • Empirical formula
  • Structural formula
  • Displayed formula
  • Skeletal formula
103
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

The skeletal formula is the simplified organic formula, you remove all the carbon and hydrogen labels and any bonds to hydrogen atoms - this leaves just a carbon skeleton and any functional groups

104
Q

What does a line represent on a skeletal formula?

A

A single bond

105
Q

What does the intersection between 2 lines represent in the skeletal formula?

A

A carbon atom

106
Q

What does the end of a line represent in the skeletal formula?

A

A -CH₃ group

107
Q

What is nomenclature of organic compounds?

A

The method of naming organic compounds according to the IUPAC rules

108
Q

What are the 3 classifications of hydrocarbons?

A
  • Aliphatic
  • Alicyclic
  • Aromatic
109
Q

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms that are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

110
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings (cyclic) with or without branches

111
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in benzene rings

112
Q

What are the 3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
113
Q

What is the parent chain?

A

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms

114
Q

What does the stem of the name of an organic compound represent?

A

The number of carbon atoms in the parent chain

115
Q

What does the prefix of the name of an organic compound represent?

A

It indicates the presence of side chains or a functional group

116
Q

How do you name an alicyclic alkane?

A

Same as normal however add cyclo- in front of alkane name

117
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

The carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to 1 other carbon atom (with the inclusion of methanol)

118
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

The carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms

119
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

The carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms

120
Q

How is the position of the functional group given?

A

It is given by a number, counting from the end of the parent chain that gives the functional group the lowest number

121
Q

What do you do if there are 2 or more of the same group when naming a compound?

A

Add di-, tri, tetra-, penta-

122
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The molecular formula shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule. It does not show how the atoms are joined together

123
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound

124
Q

How are side branches expressed in the structural formula?

A

They are expressed in brackets

125
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

126
Q

Identify the compounds and explain how they are structural chain isomers

A

Butane and 2-methylpropane are structural isomers as they have the same molecular formula (C₄H₁₀) but different structural formulae as the methyl group is in different positions.

127
Q

What are the 2 categories of isomerism?

A
  • Structural isomerism
  • Stereoisomerism
128
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Isomers have the same molecular formula and structural formula but atoms occupy different positions in space

129
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomerism?

A
  • Chain isomerism
  • Position isomerism
  • Functional Group isomerism
130
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

Different arrangements of the carbon skeleton

131
Q

What is positional isomerism?

A

the functional group is in a different position

132
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

Different functional group

133
Q

What are the properties of chain isomers?

A
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Slightly different physical properties
  • more branching = lower boiling point
134
Q

Why do isomers with more branches have a lower boiling point that isomers with less branches?

A

There are fewer surface points of contact between molecules of the branched alkanes, resulting in fewer London forces. The branches can also get in the way and prevent branched molecules packing as close together as straight-chai molecules, decreasing the intermolecular forces further

135
Q

What are the properties of positional isomers?

A
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Different physical properties
136
Q

What are the properties of functional group isomers?

A
  • Different chemical properties
  • Different physical properties
137
Q

What is a functional group isomer of an alcohol?

A

An ether

138
Q

What is a functional group isomer of an aldehyde?

A

A ketone

139
Q

What is a functional group isomer of a carboxylic acid?

A

An ester

140
Q

What are the simplest type of organic compound?

A

hydrocarbons

141
Q

What is a linear alkane?

A

Alkane with carbons bonded in a chain-like structure

142
Q

Can a six-carbon cyclic alkane be an isomer of a six-carbon linear alkane?

A

No, although the number of carbons will be the same, the cyclic alkane will have 2 fewer hydrogens due to another carbon-carbon bond

143
Q

What are constitutional isomers?

A

Structural isomers

144
Q

How do shapes and orientation of isomers affect boiling points of organic molecules?

A

The longer the chain and the lower the branching of the isomer, the stronger the intermolecular forces between the molecules as there is the greatest interaction between molecules.

145
Q

Why do branched alkanes have lower boiling points than straight-chain alkanes?

A

There are fewer surface points of contact between molecules of the branched alkanes, resulting in fewer London forces. The branches can also get in the way and prevent branched molecules packing as close together as straight-chai molecules, decreasing the intermolecular forces further

146
Q

What is the suffix for unsymmetrical anhydride?

A

carboxylicA carboxylicB anhydride
(each carboxylic comes from the carboxylic acids used to produce the anyhydride and they are in alphabetical order)

147
Q

What is the rule when a molecule has more than 1 functional group of the same type?

A
  1. Keep the full alkane name (propane, not propan; ethane, not ethan)
  2. Add di, tri, tetra to the suffix (indicating number of functional groups of the same kind)
148
Q

What is the correct IUPAC systematic name of this molecule?

A

cyclopenta-1,3-diene

149
Q

What is the correct IUPAC systematic name of this molecule?

A

hexane-1,1,1-triol

150
Q

What is the correct IUPAC systematic name of this molecule?

A

3-cyclobutylheptanal

151
Q

What is the correct IUPAC systematic name of this molecule?

A

2-pentyl-2-propylheptanoic acid

152
Q

What is the correct IUPAC systematic name of this molecule?

A

propanedioic acid

153
Q

What is the correct IUPAC systematic name of this molecule?

A

pentane-2,3-dione

154
Q

What is the correct IUPAC systematic name of this molecule?

A

1-ethoxypropane

155
Q

What is the functional group isomer of an alkene?

A

A cycloalkane

156
Q

When do you not need to number the position of a functional group/side chain in nomenclature?

A

When there is only 1 possible position

157
Q

What is a lewis structure?

A

A diagram showing all covalent bonds, lone pairs, and dipoles within a molecule

158
Q

How do curved arrows indicate a movement of electrons?

A

Electrons move from the tail of the arrow to the head of the arrow

158
Q

Where must the tail of a curly arrow be?

A

At a lone pair or a bond

159
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A species with high electron density that is attracted to an area of low electron density in order to donate an electron pair in order to form a covalent bond

160
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

A species with low electron density that is attracted to an area of high electron density in order to accept an electron pair in order to form a covalent bond

161
Q

How can covalent bonds be broken?

A

Covalent bond fission

162
Q

What are the 2 types of covalent bond fission?

A
  • Homolytic Fission
  • Heterolytic Fission
163
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission, each bonding atom takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond. This leaves each atom with a single unpaired electron meaning 2 radicals have been formed

164
Q

What is a radical?

A

An atom or group of atoms (species) with an unpaired electron

165
Q

How is a radical represented?

A

A dot is used next to the molecular formula to indicate an unpaired electron

166
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission, one of the bonding atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond. The atom that takes the electrons becomes a negative ion and the one which does not take the ion becomes a positive ion

167
Q

What is the result of homolytic fission?

A

Radicals

168
Q

What is the result of heterolytic fission?

A

Ions

169
Q

What is a reaction mechanism?

A

The process of how a reaction takes place, it is a step by step description of bond-breaking and bond-formation to yield the products from reactants

170
Q

What does a fish-hook curly arrow represent?

A

The movement of a single unpaired electron in reactions involving radicals

171
Q

What are the 3 types of reaction mechanisms?

A
  • Addition
  • Substitution
  • Elimination
172
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction in which 2 reactants join together to form one product

173
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms are replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

174
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

An elimination reaction involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one, one reactant forms 2 products

175
Q

What does the movement of electrons described by a curly arrow represent?

A

Heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond

176
Q

What causes the Cl-Cl bond to break homolytically?

A

UV light

177
Q

Which atom usually becomes the anion in heterolytic fission?

A

The more electronegative atom

178
Q

What does a straight double headed arrow pointing between 2 formulas represent?

A

Resonance

179
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution?

A

A reaction in which a nucleophile attacks an electrophile, forming a bond. The carbon can only support 4 bonds so another is broken and a leaving group is substituted out

180
Q

What are examples of nucleophiles?

A
  • Anions
  • Pi Bonds
  • Atoms with lone pairs
181
Q

What is a lewis base?

A

A nucleophile

182
Q

How does electronegativity affect lewis basicity?

A

As electronegativity increases, basicity decreases

183
Q

How does size affect lewis basicity?

A

As size increases, basicity decreases

184
Q

Why are weak bases the best leaving group in nucleophilic substitution?

A

As basicity decreases, electronegativity increases causing the ability of the leaving group to leave to increase

185
Q

What affects the speed of nucleophilic substitution?

A

The strength of the bond being broken, the harder it is to break, the slower the reaction will be

186
Q

What is a lewis acid?

A

An electrophile

A Level Chemistry (31 decks)

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