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A Level Chemistry > Module 2: Chapter 2 - Atoms, Ions, and Compounds > Flashcards

Module 2: Chapter 2 - Atoms, Ions, and Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

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2
Q

What is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

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3
Q

What is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

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4
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

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5
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

1/1836

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6
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

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7
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The sum of the protons and the neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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9
Q

Why is an atom neutral?

A

Because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

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10
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms of the same element and therefore contain the same number of protons but contain a different number of neutrons and therefore have different mass numbers

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11
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons to gain stability

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12
Q

What is relative isotopic mass?

A

The mass of an atom compared (relative) with 1/12th the mass of carbon-12

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13
Q

What is relative atomic mass, Ar?

A

The weighted mean average mass of an atom of an element compared with 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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14
Q

What is a mass spectrometer?

A

An analytical piece of equipment used to find relative abundances of isotopes in a sample of an element

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15
Q

Explain how mass spectroscopy works

A

The sample enters the spectrometer and is vaporised. An electron beam is fired at the sample to knock out an electron from each atom, ionising the sample to form 1+ positive ions. The ions are accelerated by an electric field towards a negatively charged plate. The ions are allowed to drift through the flight tube through a magnetic field which separates the isotopes according to mass (lighter ions are accelerated and deflected the most). They are detected when the ions arrive at the detector. This feeds a signal into a computer which produces a graph of the relative abundance of ions against the mass to charge ratio

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16
Q

What is the graph produced by a mass spectrometer called?

A

Mass spectrum/spectra

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17
Q

Describe a mass spectrum

A

It has relative abundance % on the y axis and the mass to charge ratio on the x axis

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18
Q
A

35 = ³⁵Cl⁺
37 = ³⁷Cl⁺
70 = (³⁵Cl-³⁵Cl)⁺
72 = (³⁵Cl-³⁷Cl)⁺
74 = (³⁷Cl-³⁷Cl)⁺

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19
Q

What is the international standard for the measurement of relative mass?

A

1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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20
Q

What is the unit of atomic mass?

A

Unified atomic mass unit, amu

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21
Q

What is the role of neutrons?

A

Neutrons help to keep a nucleus stable by moderating the repulsive forces between the protons in the nucleus

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22
Q

What is the symbol for mass number?

A

A

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23
Q

What is the symbol for atomic number?

A

Z

24
Q

What is the mass of carbon-12?

A

12 amu

25
Q

What ion will have the shortest time of flight and reach the detector first is mass specroscopy?

A

The ion with least mass as it is the lightest and will therefore travel the fastest through the flight tube

26
Q

For an ion with a 1+ charge, what is the m/z (mass-to-charge) ratio equivalent to?

A

The relative isotopic mass of the ion

27
Q

How do metals form ions?

A

Lose electrons to form cations (positive ions)

28
Q

how do non-metals form ions?

A

Gain electrons to form anions (negative ions)

29
Q

What charge ions do transition metals form?

A

Transition metals can form several ions with different charges

30
Q

What is a binary compound?

A

A compound which contains 2 elements only

31
Q

How do you name a binary compound?

A

Use the name of the first element but change the ending of the second element’s name to -ide (i.e sodium oxide)

32
Q

What comes first when naming an ionic compound?

A

A metal is always named before the non-metal

33
Q

What is the formula of a zinc ion?

A

Zn²⁺

34
Q

What is the formula of a silver ion?

A

Ag⁺

35
Q

What is a polyatomic ion?

A

An ion which contains atoms of more than 1 element bonded together

36
Q

What is the molecular formula of an ammonium ion?

A

NH₄⁺

37
Q

What is the molecular formula of a hydroxide ion?

A

OH⁻

38
Q

What is the molecular formula of a nitrate ion?

A

NO₃⁻

39
Q

What is the molecular formula of a nitrite ion?

A

NO₂⁻

40
Q

What is the molecular formula of a hydrogencarbonate ion?

A

HCO₃⁻

41
Q

What is the molecular formula of a manganate(VII) (Permanganate) ion?

A

MnO₄⁻

42
Q

What is the molecular formula of a carbonate ion?

A

CO₃²⁻

43
Q

What is the molecular formula of a sulfate ion?

A

SO₄²⁻

44
Q

What is the molecular formula of a sulfite ion?

A

SO₃²⁻

45
Q

What is the molecular formula of a dichromate(VI) ion?

A

Cr₂O₇²⁻

46
Q

What is the molecular formula of a phosphate ion?

A

PO₄³⁻

47
Q

What is the rule for writing formula from ions?

A

The overall charge is 0, therefore the sum of the positive charges = sum of the negative charges

48
Q

How do you show in a formula if there is more than 1 of a specific ion?

A

A subscript after the ion indicates the number of a specific ion, and brackets are used around a polyatomic ion if there is more than 1

49
Q

What are diatomic molecules?

A

Molecules containing only 2 atoms

50
Q

What are the 7 diatomic elements?

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Fluorine
  • Chlorine
  • Bromine
  • Iodine
51
Q

What is the formula of phosphorus?

A

P₄

52
Q

What is the formula of sulfur?

A

S₈ (but it is normal practise to write it as S in equations otherwise everything else must be multiplied by 8)

53
Q

What is the formula unit?

A

The empirical formula of any ionic or giant covalent compound (it is used in equations)

54
Q

What are state symbols?

A

Small symbols used to indicate a physical state

55
Q

What are the 4 state symbols?

A

(s) - solid
(l) - liquid
(g) - gas
(aq) - aqueous solution

A Level Chemistry (31 decks)

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