Module 4 BIOLOGY OF DISEASES

Question 1

defined as any abnormality or failure of the body to function properly and this may require medical treatment

Answer 1

Disease

Question 2

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DISEASES

Answer 2

Every disease has a number of characteristic features.
These features allow diseases to be categorized and allow a better understanding of the disease, its diagnosis and management.
A correct diagnosis should mean that appropriate treatment is given.

Question 3

refers to the cause of a disease.

Answer 3

ETIOLOGY

Question 4

Etiological agents can be :

Answer 4

Endogenous
Exogenous

Question 5

originating from within the body.
Ex. genetic defects and endocrine disorders.

Answer 5

Endogenous

Question 6

coming from outside the body.
Ex. Microorganisms that causes infections, physical trauma and radiation.

Answer 6

Exogenous

Question 7

Some diseases have more than one etiological agent and may, indeed, be caused by a range of factors. Such diseases are said to be _______.
ex. Diabetes mellitus type 2,

Answer 7

multifactorial in origin

Question 8

Diabetes mellitus type 2, a disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, is believed to have a ______ involving several genetic, dietary and environmental factors

Answer 8

multifactorial origin

Question 9

Many diseases are of unknown cause and are said to be

Answer 9

Idiopathic

Question 10

Some conditions are caused by the effects of treatment and are called

Answer 10

Iatrogenic diseases

Question 11

Every disease has a _____ that describes the
development of the disease or, more specifically, how the etiological agent(s) acts to produce the clinical and pathological changes characteristic of that disease.

Answer 11

PATHOGENESIS

Question 12

Some examples of how diseases
undergo pathogenesis include:

Answer 12

Inflammatory
Carcinogenesis

Question 13

reactions in response to harmful agents

Answer 13

Inflammatory

Question 14

where the formation of tumors occurs as a result of exposure to carcinogens (cancer inducing substances).

Answer 14

Carcinogenesis

Question 15

Diseases have ‘_____’ that describe the
typical patterns of how each disease usually
progresses., its effects and its duration

Answer 15

natural histories

Question 16

The effects of the disease on the patient are referred to as
Proportion of ilness in a population.

Answer 16

Morbidity

Question 17

While the possibility of a disease-causing death,
usually expressed as a percentage it is called
Incidence of deaths in a population.

Answer 17

Mortality

Question 18

Some diseases have a rapid, often severe onset that is described as____. This condition symptoms appear and change or worsen rapidly, as in heart attacck.

Answer 18

acute

Question 19

However, other diseases have a ____ onset and
develop gradually over a relatively longer time. A ____ condition develops and worsens over an extended period of time, as in astherosclerosis.

Answer 19

chronic

Question 20

Diseases rarely occur immediately following exposure to an _______.

Answer 20

etiological agent

Question 21

In most cases, a period of time, the _____,
must elapse before the disease becomes apparent.

Answer 21

incubation period

Question 22

In carcinogenesis, this period may last several
decades and is referred to as the _____.

Answer 22

latent period

Question 23

The etiology of a disease and its pathogenesis produce clinical manifestations that include signs and
symptoms of the disease.

Answer 23

MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASES

Question 24

is an indication that a disease is present and something of which the patient complains, for example, nausea, malaise or pain

Answer 24

symptom

Question 25

is something that the clinician specifically looks or feels for, such as redness or swelling of the skin, when examining the patient.

Answer 25

A sign

Question 26

Diseases often have a range of manifestations and their presence and severity may vary from patient to patient. In addition to differences between individuals, differences occur within an individual at different stages of development, from infancy to old age.

Answer 26

N/A

Question 27

What is the relation between knowing The Biology of disease in Discovering And developing of medicines??

Answer 27

The mechanisms of life are revealed when we understand their molecular details. Hence, molecular understanding of biology plays the major role in guiding drug discovery, and molecular-level understanding of biology is fundamental in developing diagnostic methods.

Question 28

Drug discovery and systems biology began together: in traditional or ‘folk’ medicine, herbal drugs were discovered through direct if anecdotal observations in people with diseases, the most relevant complex biological systems there are. With the advent of chemistry in the late 1800s and early 1900s, derivatives of natural products and subsequently novel synthetic chemicals made their way into drug discovery Pipelines.

Answer 28

N/A

Question 29

Most of today’s pharmaceuticals derive directly or indirectly from such early ‘systems biology’-based drug discovery The goal of modern systems biology is to understand physiology and disease from the level of molecular pathways, regulatory networks, cells, tissues, organs and ultimately the whole organism.

Answer 29

N/A

Question 30

encompasses many different approaches and models for probing and understanding biological complexity, and studies of many organisms from bacteria to man.

Answer 30

‘Systems biology’

Question 31

Much of the academic focus is on developing fundamental computational and informatics tools required to integrate large amounts of reductionist data (global gene expression, proteomic and metabolomic data) into models of regulatory networks and cell behavior.

Answer 31

N/A

Question 32

Three principal approaches recent advances in the practical applications of systems biology to drug discovery:

Answer 32

1. Informatic integration of ‘omics’ data sets 2. Computer modeling of disease or organ system physiology from cell and organ response level information available in the literature 3. Use of complex human cell systems themselves to interpret and predict the biological activities of drugs and gene targets.