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Biology > MODULE 4: BIODIVERSITY, EVOLUTION AND DISEASE - CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION > Flashcards

MODULE 4: BIODIVERSITY, EVOLUTION AND DISEASE - CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

List the taxonomic hierarchy in order, starting at the top

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

What are the five kingdoms? And give an example of each

A

Prokaryotae - bacteria
Protocista - algae
Fungi - moulds, yeasts, mushrooms
Plantae- mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia - molluscs, insect, reptiles, birds, mammals

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3
Q

What are the general features of the Prokaryotae kingdom?

A
  • Unicellular
  • no nucleus
  • less than five micrometers
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4
Q

What are the general features of the Protocista kingdom?

A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • usually live in water
  • single-celled or simple multicellular organisms
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5
Q

What are the general features of the Fungi kingdom?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • chitin cell wall
  • saprotrophic (absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms)
  • single-celled or multicellular organisms
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6
Q

What are the general features of the Plantae kingdom?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • cellulose cell walls
  • can photosynthesise
  • autotrophic (produce their own food)
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7
Q

What are the general features of the Animalia kingdom?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • no cell walls
  • heterotrophic (consume plants and animals)
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8
Q

How is an organism’s scientific name created using the binomial system?

A
  • first part is the Genus (capital letter)
  • second part is the species (lower case letter)

e.g. humans - Homo sapiens
Names are always written in italics or underlined if handwritten

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9
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

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10
Q

What does a phylogenic tree show?

A

The relationship between members of a family of species

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11
Q

What evidence were the first classification systems solely based on?

A

Early classification systems only used observable features (things you can see) to place organisms into groups (e.g. whether they lay eggs, can fly)

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12
Q

What is a disadvantage of basing early classification systems on observable features?

A

Scientists don’t always agree on the relative importance of different features and groups based solely on physical features may not show how related organisms are

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13
Q

What other evidence is there showing how similar organisms are

A
  • Observable features AND other evidence
  • Molecular evidence - similarities in proteins and DNA
  • Embryological evidence - similarities in the early stages of an organism’s development
  • Anatomical evidence - similarities in structure and function of different body parts
  • Behavioural evidence - the similarities in behaviour and social organisation of organisms
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14
Q

What does new technology mean for new discoveries?

A

New technologies (e.g. new DNA techniques + better microscopes) can result in new discoveries being made and the relationships between organisms being clarified
Scientists can share their new discoveries in meetings and scientific journals. How organisms are classified is continually revised to take account of any new findings that scientists discover

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15
Q

Describe one way in which scientists could use molecular evidence to determine how closely gibbons are related to humans.

A

Scientists can compare the sequence of DNA bases between humans and gibbons

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16
Q

Describe three differences between organisms in the Bacteria and Archaea domains

A

The enzyme RNA polymerase is different in Bacteria and Archaea
Archaea have similar histones to Eukarya, and not Bacteria
The bonds of lipids in cell membranes of Bacteria and Archaea are different

+ development and composition of flagella are also different

17
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences that exist between individuals. Every individual organism is unique (even clones - like identical twins - show variation)

18
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

When the individuals in a population vary within a range - there are no distinct categories. E.g. humans can have any height within a range (139cm, 175cm, 185.9cm, etc) not just tall or short

19
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

When there are two or more distinct categories - each individual falls into only one of these categories, there are not intermediates

E.g. blood group in animals, plant colour and seed shape

20
Q

Explain how variation can be caused by genes.

A
  • Different species have different genes
  • Individuals of the same species have the same genes, but different versions (alleles)
  • The genes and alleles of an organism is its genotype
  • The differences in genotype result in variation in phenotypes - the characteristics displayed by an organism
  • Examples of variation caused only by genetic factors include blood group in humans and antibiotic resistance in bacteria
  • You inherit your genes from your parents. This means variation caused by genetic factors is inherited
21
Q

Explain how variation can be caused by the environment.

A
  • Variation can be caused by differences in the environment, e.g. climate, food, lifestyle
  • Characteristics controlled by environmental factors can change over an organism’s life
  • Examples of variation caused only by environmental factors include accents and whether people have pierced ears
22
Q

Explain how variation can be caused by both genes and the environment.

A
  • Genetic factors determine the characteristics an organism’s born with, but environmental factors can influence how some characteristics develop
  • e.g. height - genes determine how tall an organism can grow (e.g. tall parents tend to have tall children) but diet or nutrients can accept how tall an organism actually grows
  • e.g. flagellum - genera determine if a microorganism can grow a flagellum, but some will only start to grow them in certain environments (e.g. if metal ions are present)
23
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

The process whereby organisms that are not closely related independently evolve to have similar features as a result of having to adapt to similar environments

24
Q

Define adaptation

A

Variations or characteristics that enhance the survival of an organism in an environment

25
Q

What are the types of adaptation

A
  • Physiological
  • Anatomical
  • Behavioural
26
Q

Define physiological adaptation

A

Biological processes within the organism

27
Q

Define anatomical adaptation

A

Structural or physical features

28
Q

Define behavioural adaptation

A

The way an organism behaves

29
Q

Define ecological niche

A

The match of a species to a specific environmental condition

30
Q

What is interspecific variation

A
  • variation between species

e.g. the lightest species of bird is the bee hummingbird, which weighs approx. 1.6 g on average. Heaviest bird is ostrich, which can weigh up to 160 kg (x 100000)

31
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A
  • Variation within a species

e.g. individual European robins weigh between 16g and 22g and show some variation in many other characteristics including length, wingspan, colour + beak size

Biology (26 decks)

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