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Clinical Pediatric Optometry > MODULE 4: ASSESSMENT OF OCULAR FUNCTION (Part 1) > Flashcards

MODULE 4: ASSESSMENT OF OCULAR FUNCTION (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of VA?

A
  1. Detection (minimum visible)
  2. Resolution (minimum resolvable)
  3. Recognition (minimum recognizable)
  4. Hyperacuity (minimum discriminable
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2
Q
  • Refers to the smallest test object that can be detected.
A

Detection (minimum visible)

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3
Q
  • May grossly overestimate va in visually impaired children
A

Detection (minimum visible)

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4
Q

stycar balls and ‘hundreds and thousands’

A

Detection (minimum visible)

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5
Q
  • Detection tasks are often less affected by visual impairment than complex acuity tasks
A

Detection (minimum visible)

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6
Q
  • Motor problem reducing control of fine hand movements rather than the inability to detect the targets could cause failure to the test.
A

Detection (minimum visible)

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7
Q
  • Measures the smallest angular separation between adjacent targets than can be resolved
A

RESOLUTION (MINIMUM RESOLVABLE)

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8
Q

PL TEST AND VEP

A

RESOLUTION (MINIMUM RESOLVABLE)

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9
Q
  • More useful and sensitive measure of va than detection tests.
A

RESOLUTION (MINIMUM RESOLVABLE)

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10
Q
  • Can be successful in estimating acuity in infants from birth
A

RESOLUTION (MINIMUM RESOLVABLE)

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11
Q
  • Children from about 2.5 years of age can be tested successfully
A

RECOGNITION (MINIMUM RECOGNISABLE)

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12
Q
  • Refers to the ability to identify a form or its orientation
A

RECOGNITION (MINIMUM RECOGNISABLE)

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13
Q

snellen chart, acuity tests that use both letters or other optotypes

A

RECOGNITION (MINIMUM RECOGNISABLE)

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14
Q

smaller target size

A

RECOGNITION (MINIMUM RECOGNISABLE)

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15
Q

larger target size

A

RESOLUTION (MINIMUM RESOLVABLE)

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16
Q

affected by contour interaction - crowding phenomenon

A

RECOGNITION (MINIMUM RECOGNISABLE)

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17
Q

not affected by contour interaction

A

RESOLUTION (MINIMUM RESOLVABLE)

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18
Q

less degraded in peripheral retina, stimulates parafoveal area

A

RESOLUTION (MINIMUM RESOLVABLE)

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19
Q

more degraded in peripheral retina, does not stimulate parafoveal areas

A

RECOGNITION (MINIMUM RECOGNISABLE)

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20
Q

_____________ acuities are more sensitive to pathological and physiological degradation when compared with __________ acuities.

A

Recognition, resolution

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21
Q

vernier acuity and stereoacuity

A

HYPERACUITY (MINIMUM DISCRIMINABLE)

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22
Q
  • Ability to determine differences between two stimuli (size, orientation and position)
A

HYPERACUITY (MINIMUM DISCRIMINABLE)

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23
Q
  • Limited less by optical and retinal factors
A

HYPERACUITY (MINIMUM DISCRIMINABLE)

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24
Q
  • Believed to reflect cortical processing
A

HYPERACUITY (MINIMUM DISCRIMINABLE)

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25
Q

Can detect children with reduced binocular acuity

A

VA

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26
Q
  • Detect interocular acuity difference
A

VA

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27
Q

VA doesn’t need to be test monocularly

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* Need to test va monocularly otherwise amblyopia will not be detected

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28
Q
  • A VA test with one eye open only represents the VA in the good eye

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* A va test with both eyes open only represents the va in the good eye

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29
Q

To monitor the treatment efficacy (change in acuity resulting in spectacle rx)

A

VA

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30
Q

Test target are white balls with diameter ranging from 3mm - 6.16cm

A

STYCAR GRADED BALL TEST

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31
Q

In stycar graded ball test, the biggest ball fixed is recorded as estimate of child’s acuity

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
The smallest ball fixed is recorded as estimate of child’s acuity

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32
Q

The child watches as the balls are presented (_____ or mounted on stick) against a ___________ _________ by the hidden examiner.

A

rolled, black screen

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33
Q

Screening Test for Young Children and Retardates
* Age: 3 months to 2 years

A

STYCAR GRADED BALL TEST

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34
Q

A not a reliable measure of VA

A

HUNDREDS AND THOUSANDS

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35
Q
  • sprinkles are held in the palm of the hand are used to gain attention for infants over 6 months old
A

HUNDREDS AND THOUSANDS

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36
Q

At 9 months in hundreds and thousands, the baby may attempt to?

A

prod the decorations

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37
Q

At 1 yr old in hundreds and thousands, the baby may?

A

attempt to pick them up

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38
Q

A child will prefer to look at an object with visual interest (grating) rather than a plain field of the same luminance

A

PREFERENTIAL LOOKING

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39
Q
  • Used from birth and most appropriate acuity test for children under 2.5 years
A

PREFERENTIAL LOOKING

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40
Q
  • When the grating is too narrow to be differentiated, the child will ____ ________ at one side or the other
A

gaze randomly

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41
Q

What are the 2 types of PL pattern?

A
  1. SQUARE-WAVE GRATINGS
  2. VANISHING OPTOTYPES
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42
Q

alternating black and white lines of equal thickness and length

A

SQUARE-WAVE GRATINGS

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43
Q

use pictures constructed of black and white lines

A

VANISHING OPTOTYPES

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44
Q

the higher the _______ __________, the finer the grating

A

spacial frequency

45
Q

What is the test distance and cardiff of PL?

A

o Test Distance: 40 cm
o Cardiff: 1m or 50cm

46
Q

What is the procedure for PL?

A
  • A gross target is presented first
  • Cards are presented (unseen by the optom)
  • Optom watches the infant through the peephole
  • A judgement must be made by the optom if child is fixating to right or left/up or down (force-choice)
  • VA is estimated as the highest spatial frequency (finest grating) the child was able to see.
47
Q

In PL cards are presented only once.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* Cards are presented atleast twice for a definite response.

48
Q

In PL cards examiner should be aware of the position of the stimulus when presenting

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* Examiner should be unaware of the position of the stimulus when presenting to avoid bias

49
Q

In PL, judgements must be based on eye movements rather than pointing/verbal response

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

50
Q

letters or picture

A

MATCHING AND NAMING

51
Q

Optotypes are?

A

isolated (uncrowded) or linear (crowded)

52
Q

In matching and naming, older children are not allowed to use this test

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* Older children can name the picture or letter

53
Q

Test distance of matching and naming?

A

3m or 6m

54
Q
  • Examiner presents the letter or picture targets
  • Child chooses a match from the key card
A

MATCHING AND NAMING

55
Q

A single picture -Snellen format 3/3 (6/6)-3/30 (6/60)

A

KAY PICTURE TEST

56
Q

2-3 years of age

A

KAY PICTURE TEST AND LEA SYMBOLS

57
Q

symbols are uniform in detail, line width and size

A

LEA SYMBOLS

58
Q

What are lea shapes?

A

square, circle, house and apple (heart)

59
Q
  • uses Sheridan- Gardiner letters but presents letters in linear format
A

SONKEN-SILVER ACUITY SYSTEM

60
Q
  • 3.5 years of age
A

SONKEN-SILVER ACUITY SYSTEM

61
Q

uses sheridan gardiner letters

A

CAMBRIDGE CROWDING CARDS

62
Q

child has to identify the letter surrounded by four others

A

CAMBRIDGE CROWDING CARDS

63
Q
  • Contains contour interaction to elicit crowding phenomenon
A

CAMBRIDGE CROWDING CARDS

64
Q

logMAR acuity test is previously known as?

A

Glasgow Acuity Cards

65
Q
  • Applies the Bailey-Lovie test
A

LogMAR ACUITY TEST

66
Q
  • Letter size decreases in logarithmic fashion
A

LogMAR ACUITY TEST

67
Q
  • Scoring system: each letter is scored ______ in logMAR acuity test
A

0.025

68
Q

Uncrowded version of LogMAR ACUITY TEST are for?

A

2.5 - 3 years

69
Q

Crowded version of LogMAR ACUITY TEST are for?

A

3.5 - 4 years

70
Q

What are versions of LogMAR ACUITY TEST?

A

Illiterate/tumbling E
Landolt C

71
Q
  • those with neurological impairment or LV may have ___________ _______________
A

reduced accommodation
(NEAR VISION TESTING)

72
Q
  • children have ample accommodation and few near vision problems when distance EOR is corrected

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

73
Q

NEAR VISION TESTING

A

KAY PICTURE
SHERIDAN-GARDINER
LEA NEAR CHART
CARDIFF NEAR TEST

74
Q

HIDING HEIDI

A

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY

75
Q

CARDIFF CONTRAST TEST

A

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY

76
Q
  • important for career related decisions and school related activities
A

COLOR VISION

77
Q

Most commonly used test for CV?

A

ISHIHARA TEST

78
Q
  • crucial for children with visual impairment / defects
A

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY

79
Q
  • red-green color deficiency screening test
  • do not screen for blue-yellow defects
A

ISHIHARA TEST

80
Q

1st plate of ishihara test is not visible to all

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* 1st plate is visible to all regardless of CV status

81
Q

14 plate edition of ishihara test px must get 14 correct to pass

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
px must get 10 correct to pass

82
Q
  • 24 plate edition: plates 1-17 are administered to children who can’t recognize numbers

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* 24 plate edition: plates 1-17 are administered to children who can recognize numbers

83
Q

15 out of 17 is required to pass

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
o 13 out of 17 is required to pass

84
Q

o 18-24 - if px cannot identify numbers

A

traceable curving lines

85
Q
  • CV test that does not classify type or severity
  • only normal vs abnormal CV
  • 12 - 14 plate pseudoisochromatic test
  • 3-5 years
  • 75cm
A

COLOR VISION TEST MADE EASY

86
Q

What contains the part 1 of CV test made easy?

A

circle, square and star targets

87
Q

What contains the part 2 of CV test made easy?

A

boat, house, dog

88
Q

part 1 of CV test made easy is not visible to all

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
* 1st plate is test plate and visible to all

89
Q
  • helpful in identifying congenital and acquired CV defects
A

HARDY-RAND-RITTLER (HRR)

90
Q
  • can detect and classify R-G defects & B-Y defects
A

HARDY-RAND-RITTLER (HRR)

91
Q
  • child friendly shapes and mini paint brush
A

HARDY-RAND-RITTLER (HRR)

92
Q

px is asked to arrange 15 colored discs in order of hue and intensity

A

FARNSWORTH D-15

93
Q
  • if the child fails demo plates?
A

px may be malingering or not cooperating, stop the test

94
Q
  • if child fails the 6 screening plates?
A

there are 14 subsequent plates to diagnose extent and type of defect

95
Q

plates 5-6 are missed

A

B-Y defect is suspected

96
Q

if error in 5-6 but no error in 21-24

A

mild defect

97
Q

21-22, no error in 23-24

A

moderate defect

98
Q

23-24 error

A

severe defect

99
Q
  • 7-10 error
A

R-G defect suspect

100
Q

o only plates 5-6 are shown to concentrate on R-G defects

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
o only plates 11-20 are shown to concentrate on R-G defects

101
Q

o 11-15

A

defect is mild

102
Q

o 16-18

A

defect is moderate

103
Q

o 19-20

A

defect is severe

104
Q

Ocular health of evaluation of ocular anterior

A

o Lids and Lashes
o Bulbar Conjunctiva
o Palpebral Conjunctiva
o Cornea
o Ant. Chamber Angle
o Iris
o Lens

105
Q

Ocular health of evaluation of ocular posterior segment

A

o Cup/Disc Ratio
o A/V Ratio
o Vessel
o Venous Pulse
o Foveal Reflex
o Macula
o Vitreous
o Peripheral fundus

106
Q

o indirect ophthalmoscope with ____D or ____D lens

A

20D or 28D

107
Q
  • older child: ______ ______
A

Slit lamp

108
Q
  • younger / uncooperative child?
A

hand held slit lamp

109
Q

for px with short attention

A
  • directed towards cc

Clinical Pediatric Optometry (5 decks)

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