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Clinical Pediatric Optometry > MODULE 2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD > Flashcards

MODULE 2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD Flashcards

1
Q

As an optometrist it is vital to be aware of the major causes of childhood visual difficulties

TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

As an optometrist, why is it important to be aware of the cause of childhood visual difficulties?

A

so that you can correctly detect, prevent or manage them appropriately.

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3
Q

What are the ocular conditions?

A
  1. Refractive Errors
  2. Strabismus
  3. Nystagmus
  4. Amblyopia
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4
Q

all departures from emmetropia

A

Refractive Errors

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5
Q
  • Myopia with onset at any age between 6 - 15 years
A

JUVENILE MYOPIA

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6
Q
  • Significant difference in refractive error between the eyes (more than 1.00 D)
A

ANISOMETROPIA

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7
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

A refraction at ages 5-6 years old will be myopic?

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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8
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Hyperopia in excess of +2.25D

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Hyperopia in excess of +1.50D

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9
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Refraction at ages 5-6 years, hyperopia between +1.25D and +2.50D

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Hyperopia between +0.50D and +1.25D

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10
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Refraction at ages 5-6 years, hyperopia between 0 and +0.50D

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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11
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Refraction at ages 5-6 years, between zero and +0.50D and WTR astigmatism

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE
ATR astigmatism

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12
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, myopia will change and not increase

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Myopia will remain and will probably increase

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13
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, child will likely remain myopic

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Child will likely remain hyperopic

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14
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, high probability of being emmetropic and myopic

A

TRUE

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15
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, an even high probability of becoming against the rule astigmatism and myopic

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Tropia or squint

A

STRABISMUS

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17
Q

Failure of the visual axes of the eye to pass

A

STRABISMUS

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18
Q

What is concominant?

A

angle of squint is the same in all directions of gaze

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19
Q

What is incomitant?

A

angle differs in different directions
of gaze

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20
Q
  • Constant or intermittent
  • Convergent, divergent or vertical
  • Unilateral or bilateral
A

STRABISMUS

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21
Q

A non-optical and non-pathological reduction in VA

A

AMBLYOPIA

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22
Q

What are the classifications of amblyopia?

A

o Meridional
o Anisometropic
o Deprivational
o Strabismic
o Refractive

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23
Q

A classification of amblyopia that is caused by complete or partial obstruction of the visual axis

A

Deprivational amblyopia

24
Q

A classification of amblyopia that is due to constant, non-altering, or unequally alternating tropia?

A

Strabismic amblyopia

25
Q

A classification of amblyopia that is due to untreated unilateral or bilateral EOR

A

Refractive amblyopia

26
Q

Common cause of congenital cataract and albinism

A

NYSTAGMUS

27
Q

May be pendular or jerk

A

NYSTAGMUS

28
Q

Involuntary oscillation of the eyes

A

NYSTAGMUS

29
Q

Caused by visual deprivation before the age of 2 – 6 years

A

NYSTAGMUS

30
Q

Often associated with strabismus

A

NYSTAGMUS

31
Q

What are pediatric ocular pathology?

A
  • Congenital cataract
  • Albinism
  • Congenital ptosis
  • Epicanthus
  • Fundus anomalies
  • Anterior Eye infections
  • Haemangioma
32
Q

A type of congenital cataract that do not interfere with vision and are more common

A

Cortical and sutural

33
Q

A type of congenital cataract that interferes with vision

A

Lamellar cataract

34
Q

What are the types of albinism?

A

-OCULUCUTANEOUS ALBINISM
-OCULAR ALBINISM

35
Q

A type of albinism that is hereditary and incapable to synthesize melanin?

A

OCULUCUTANEOUS ALBINISM

36
Q

A type of albinism that affects the eyes only?

A

-OCULAR ALBINISM

37
Q

What is congenital ptosis?

A
  • Caused by the dystrophy of the levator muscle
  • Drooping of the upper lid
38
Q

What is epicanthus?

A
  • Fold of skin stretching from upper to lower lid and covers medial canthus
  • May give appearance of esotropia (pseudo -esotropia)
39
Q

What are fundus anomalies?

A
  • RETINOBLASTOMA
  • RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
40
Q

RETINOBLASTOMA

A
  • Most common primary malignant intraocular tumor
41
Q

RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY

A
  • Occurs in neonates whom oxygen is administered`
  • Retinal neovascularization
  • Associated with congenital myopia
42
Q

What are anterior eye infections?

A
  • BLEPHARITIS
  • VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
    -ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
43
Q

BLEPHARITIS

A
  • Most common in childhood and caused by Staphylococcus aureas
  • Eye appears red, scaly and swollen
  • Gives rise to itching, burning and photophobia
  • Gives rise to internal/ external hordeolum, chalazion or bacterial conjunctivitis
44
Q

VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS

A
  • Most common, caused by adenovirus
  • Contagious, initially unilateral with hyperaemia and watery discharge
  • Resolves within 2-3 weeks
45
Q
A
46
Q

ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS

A
  • Caused by pollen or animals
  • Often occurs in association with hay fever, asthma, eczema
  • Self-limiting once allergen is removed
47
Q

superficial ‘strawberry naevus’ or deeper with more reddish blue swelling

A

HAEMANGIOMA

48
Q
  • Disappears by the age of 5 years
  • Congenital
A

HAEMANGIOMA

49
Q

total absence of color vision

A
  • Achromatopsia
50
Q

incomplete loss of sensitivity to certain wavelengths

A

Anomalous trichromacy

51
Q

most common; reduced color discrimination ability

A

Deuteranomalous trichromacy

52
Q

cv is dependent on 2 types of cones

A

Dichromacy

53
Q

red sensitive photopigment is absent

A

Protanopia

54
Q

green sensitive photopigment is absent

A

Deuteranopia

55
Q

reduces sensitivity to red colors

A

Protanomalous trichromacy

56
Q

acquired defect, result of retinal disease (e.g. RP or diebetes)

A

Tritanopia

Clinical Pediatric Optometry (5 decks)

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