MODULE 2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD Flashcards
As an optometrist it is vital to be aware of the major causes of childhood visual difficulties
TRUE or FALSE?
TRUE
As an optometrist, why is it important to be aware of the cause of childhood visual difficulties?
so that you can correctly detect, prevent or manage them appropriately.
What are the ocular conditions?
- Refractive Errors
- Strabismus
- Nystagmus
- Amblyopia
all departures from emmetropia
Refractive Errors
- Myopia with onset at any age between 6 - 15 years
JUVENILE MYOPIA
- Significant difference in refractive error between the eyes (more than 1.00 D)
ANISOMETROPIA
With regards to the Ojai study
A refraction at ages 5-6 years old will be myopic?
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
With regards to the Ojai study
Hyperopia in excess of +2.25D
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Hyperopia in excess of +1.50D
With regards to the Ojai study
Refraction at ages 5-6 years, hyperopia between +1.25D and +2.50D
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Hyperopia between +0.50D and +1.25D
With regards to the Ojai study
Refraction at ages 5-6 years, hyperopia between 0 and +0.50D
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
With regards to the Ojai study
Refraction at ages 5-6 years, between zero and +0.50D and WTR astigmatism
TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
ATR astigmatism
With regards to the Ojai study
Prediction for ages 13-14 years, myopia will change and not increase
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Myopia will remain and will probably increase
With regards to the Ojai study
Prediction for ages 13-14 years, child will likely remain myopic
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Child will likely remain hyperopic
With regards to the Ojai study
Prediction for ages 13-14 years, high probability of being emmetropic and myopic
TRUE
With regards to the Ojai study
Prediction for ages 13-14 years, an even high probability of becoming against the rule astigmatism and myopic
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Tropia or squint
STRABISMUS
Failure of the visual axes of the eye to pass
STRABISMUS
What is concominant?
angle of squint is the same in all directions of gaze
What is incomitant?
angle differs in different directions
of gaze
- Constant or intermittent
- Convergent, divergent or vertical
- Unilateral or bilateral
STRABISMUS
A non-optical and non-pathological reduction in VA
AMBLYOPIA
What are the classifications of amblyopia?
o Meridional
o Anisometropic
o Deprivational
o Strabismic
o Refractive
A classification of amblyopia that is caused by complete or partial obstruction of the visual axis
Deprivational amblyopia
A classification of amblyopia that is due to constant, non-altering, or unequally alternating tropia?
Strabismic amblyopia
A classification of amblyopia that is due to untreated unilateral or bilateral EOR
Refractive amblyopia
Common cause of congenital cataract and albinism
NYSTAGMUS
May be pendular or jerk
NYSTAGMUS
Involuntary oscillation of the eyes
NYSTAGMUS
Caused by visual deprivation before the age of 2 – 6 years
NYSTAGMUS
Often associated with strabismus
NYSTAGMUS
What are pediatric ocular pathology?
- Congenital cataract
- Albinism
- Congenital ptosis
- Epicanthus
- Fundus anomalies
- Anterior Eye infections
- Haemangioma
A type of congenital cataract that do not interfere with vision and are more common
Cortical and sutural
A type of congenital cataract that interferes with vision
Lamellar cataract
What are the types of albinism?
-OCULUCUTANEOUS ALBINISM
-OCULAR ALBINISM
A type of albinism that is hereditary and incapable to synthesize melanin?
OCULUCUTANEOUS ALBINISM
A type of albinism that affects the eyes only?
-OCULAR ALBINISM
What is congenital ptosis?
- Caused by the dystrophy of the levator muscle
- Drooping of the upper lid
What is epicanthus?
- Fold of skin stretching from upper to lower lid and covers medial canthus
- May give appearance of esotropia (pseudo -esotropia)
What are fundus anomalies?
- RETINOBLASTOMA
- RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
RETINOBLASTOMA
- Most common primary malignant intraocular tumor
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
- Occurs in neonates whom oxygen is administered`
- Retinal neovascularization
- Associated with congenital myopia
What are anterior eye infections?
- BLEPHARITIS
- VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
-ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
BLEPHARITIS
- Most common in childhood and caused by Staphylococcus aureas
- Eye appears red, scaly and swollen
- Gives rise to itching, burning and photophobia
- Gives rise to internal/ external hordeolum, chalazion or bacterial conjunctivitis
VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
- Most common, caused by adenovirus
- Contagious, initially unilateral with hyperaemia and watery discharge
- Resolves within 2-3 weeks
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
- Caused by pollen or animals
- Often occurs in association with hay fever, asthma, eczema
- Self-limiting once allergen is removed
superficial ‘strawberry naevus’ or deeper with more reddish blue swelling
HAEMANGIOMA
- Disappears by the age of 5 years
- Congenital
HAEMANGIOMA
total absence of color vision
- Achromatopsia
incomplete loss of sensitivity to certain wavelengths
Anomalous trichromacy
most common; reduced color discrimination ability
Deuteranomalous trichromacy
cv is dependent on 2 types of cones
Dichromacy
red sensitive photopigment is absent
Protanopia
green sensitive photopigment is absent
Deuteranopia
reduces sensitivity to red colors
Protanomalous trichromacy
acquired defect, result of retinal disease (e.g. RP or diebetes)
Tritanopia
