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MICR 270 > Module 4: Adverse Reactions and Immune Defects > Flashcards

Module 4: Adverse Reactions and Immune Defects Flashcards

1
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

-congenital
-derived from a genetic or development defect leading to abnormal maturation of immune system

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2
Q

Types of primary immunodeficiency

A

-b-cell deficiencies
-t-cell deficiencies
-complement deficiencies
-phagocytic deficiencies
-combined T and B cell deficiencies

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3
Q

Secondary immunodeficiencies

A

-result from environmental factors affecting and compromising the immune system

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4
Q

Types of secondary immunodeficiency

A

-chemotherapy
-chronic infection
-immunosuppressive medication
-cancer

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5
Q

B-cell deficiency

A

-dysfunctional B lymphocytes or a decrease in their prevalence

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6
Q

T-cell deficiency

A

-dysfunctional T lymphocytes or a decrease in prevalence
-increase susceptibility to viruses, protozoans and fungi

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7
Q

Complement deficiency

A

-intricate regulation of nine components
-prone to frequent severe bacterial infections and complications arising from inability to clear immune complexes

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8
Q

Phagocytic deficiency

A

-can appear at various stages of the process
-bacterial and fungal infections are frequent and severe

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9
Q

Combined T and B cell deficiency

A

-dysfunction and/or low numbers of lymphocytes
-infections that cause mild diseases may be life threatening

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10
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency AIDS acquired

A

-cannot be inherited

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11
Q

Modes of transmission of HIV

A

-sexual intercourse
-heterosexual sex
-vertical transmission to children
-non-sterile injections of drugs

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12
Q

HIV primary infection

A

-most people have effective immune response for first couple of weeks and then immune system gets compromised

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13
Q

HIV acute infection

A

-targets and infects CD4 cells which causes a drastic decrease in level of these and level of virus in blood increases
-2-4 weeks after infection symptoms usually appear
-high transmission risk

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14
Q

HIV chronic infection

A

-HIV continues to multiply and most people do not experience infection but transmission is still possible

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15
Q

AIDS

A

-CD4 helper T cells get depleted
-patients are diagnosed with AIDS if there T cell count is below 200 cells/mm3

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16
Q

How long do AIDS patients typically survive for

A

-3 years

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17
Q

Antiretroviral therapy

A

-does not kill or cure HIV but prevents it from replicating
-uses panel of antiretroviral to prevent drug resistance

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18
Q

Screening techniques for immunodeficiencies

A

-complete blood counts
-quantitative serum immunoglobin

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19
Q

Complete blood counts

A

-show how many of each cell type are present in a small sample of blood which is then compared to healthy range

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20
Q

Quantitative serum immunoglobin

A

-measures levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM in blood serum and compare them to a control
-urine protein electrophoresis

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21
Q

Autoimmunity

A

-sometimes immune system initiates a reaction in response to its own cells

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22
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

-failure of an organ to distinguish self from non self causes the immune system to initiate a response against its own cells and tissues

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23
Q

Organ specific autoimmune diseases

A

-involve an immune response that is directed to an antigen that is unique to a single organ or gland

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24
Q

Most common organs affected by autoimmune diseases

A

-thyroid gland
-adrenal gland
-stomach
-pancreas

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25
Q

Graves disease

A

-autoimmune disease that frequently leads to overactivity of thyroid gland

26
Q

Systemic autoimmune diseases

A

-immune response s directed towards a broad range of antigens that are characteristic of a number of organs and tissues

27
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

-typically presents as chronic inflammation of joints, other organ systems can also be affected

28
Q

Immunosuppression

A

-suppress or reduce the strength of the bodies immune response

29
Q

Immunosuppresents and organ transplants

A

-after transplantation the body recognizes the new organ as a foreign object and immune system will initiate a response against it
-used to reduce this risk of rejection

30
Q

Immunosuppresive drugs

A

-corticosteroids
-cytotoxic drugs
-immunophilins
-lyphocytes depleting therapies

31
Q

Corticosteroids action

A

-anti-inflammatory
-kills T-cells

32
Q

Corticosteroids example

A

-prednisone
-provides relief for inflamed areas of the body

33
Q

Cytotoxic drugs action

A

-blocks cell division nonspecifically

34
Q

Cytotoxic drugs example

A

-cyclophosphamide and methotrexate
-treats cancer by slowing or stopping cell growth

35
Q

Immunophilins action

A

-blocks T-cell responses

36
Q

Immunophilins example

A

-cyclosporine
-used to prevent rejection in those receiving a transplanted organ

37
Q

Lymphocyte-depleting therapies action

A

-kills T cells non-specifically
-kills activated T-cells

38
Q

Lymphocyte-depleting therapies

A

-monoclonal antibodies
-used to prevent acute rejection in organ transplantation

39
Q

Side effects of immunophilin

A

-nephrotoxicity
-hypertension
-hirsutism
-hypertrichosis
-gingual hyperplasia

40
Q

Cytotoxic drugs side effects

A

-nausea
-vomiting
-loss of appetite
-stomach ache
-diarrhea
-darkening of skin/nails

41
Q

Side effects of methotrexate

A

-nausea
-vomiting
-hair loss
-tiredness
-dizziness
-chills
-headache
-mouth sores
-sores in lungs
-increased risk of skin infection

42
Q

Corticosteroids side effects

A

-osteoporosis
-hirsutism
-hypertrichosis
-diabetogenic

43
Q

Latent infections most common pathogens

A

-TB
-HSV1/2
-CMV
-EBV
-VZV

44
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

-reactivation of a pathogen that is already present in the host
-can arise from bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi

45
Q

Fungal opportunistic infections

A

-PCP
-cryptococcosis
-candidiasis
-aspergillosis

46
Q

Parasitic opportunistic infections

A

-toxoplasmosis

47
Q

Bacterial opportunistic infections

A

-tuberculosis
-MAC

48
Q

Viral opportunistic infections

A

-cytomegalovirus
-herpes simplex virus
-varicella zoster virus
-mononucleosis

49
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivities

A

-immediate/anaphylactic
-can be immediate and lead to death in as little as a minute

50
Q

Type 1 primary exposure

A

-allergen induces humoural immune response where there is an excessive amount of IgE antibodies which bind to mass cells and neutrophils

51
Q

Type 1 secondary exposure

A

-membrane-bound IgE cross-links with allergen which initiates the degranulations of basophils and mast cells, releasing vasoactive mediators causing vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction

52
Q

Clinical manifestation of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

-allergic rhinitis
-atopic dermatitis
-asthma
-hives

53
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

-antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity
-takes minutes to hours to develop

54
Q

Clinical manifestation of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

-drug induced hemolytic anemia
-transfusion reactions

55
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

-immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity
-takes hours to days or weeks
-inflammatory

56
Q

Clinical manifestation of type 3 hypersensitivity

A

-serum sickness
-edema and pain

57
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

-cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity
-takes 2-3 days to develop after exposure

58
Q

Clinical manifestation of type 4 hypersensitivity

A

-inflammatory bowel disease
-contact dermatitis

59
Q

During anaphylaxis, what is secreted by mast cells

A

-histamines

60
Q

Autoantibody

A

-antibody produced by the immune system that is directed against a self antigen

61
Q

What dysfunction of the immune system includes autoantibodies

A

-autoimmunity

MICR 270 (5 decks)

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