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MICR 270 > Module 2: Branches of the Immune System > Flashcards

Module 2: Branches of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immune barrier

A

-physical
-soluble
-cellular

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2
Q

Inflammation of innate immunity function

A

-1st immune response event following the breach of a physical barrier by a pathogen

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3
Q

Pattern recognition of innate immunity definition

A

-recognized general patterns not specific for any one antigen

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4
Q

Physical barrier

A

-made of every structure located at the interface between the inside and the outside of the body

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5
Q

Cellular barrier

A

-made of various different cells

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6
Q

Soluble barrier

A

-made of macromolecules which contribute to the mediation of an innate response

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7
Q

Physical components of the physical barrier

A

-skin
-mucous membranes covering respiratory, gastrointenstinal, urinary and reproductive tracts

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8
Q

Chemical components of the physical barrier

A

-tears and saliva
-gastric acid

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9
Q

Cells of the cellular barrier

A

-neutrophils
-macrophages
-dendritic cells
-natural killer cells

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

-most common
-phagocytes that engulf pathogens
-recruited to the site of infection by resident macrophages

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11
Q

Macrophages

A

-phagocytes that patrol the body to engulf pathogens
-contribute to tissue repair and present antigens to other immune cells such as T cells

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12
Q

Dendritic cells

A

-phagocytes that are often in contact with external environment
-present antigens on cell surface
-major link between innate and adaptive immunity

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13
Q

Natural killer cells

A

-recognize abnormal cells and destroy them such as tumours and viruses
-bind to target cell and release chemicals lysing the cell membrane

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14
Q

The soluble barrier parts

A

-complement system
-cytokines

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15
Q

Complement system components

A

-30 soluble proteins that circulate in the blood
-activated by presence of extracellular pathogens

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16
Q

Complement system functions

A

-inflammation
-phagocytosis
-membrane attack complex

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17
Q

What are cytokines

A

-small proteins secreted by various immune cells in response to a number of different stimuli
-chemical mediators for cell to cell communication

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18
Q

Cytokines function

A

-autocrine
-paracrine
-endocrine
-pro-inflammatory
-anti-inflammatory

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19
Q

Inflammation characterization

A

-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain

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20
Q

Inflammation purpose

A

-bodys attempt at self protection and to localize and eliminate the pathogen in an effort to stop it from spreading and remove damaged tissue

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21
Q

Major events of inflammation

A

-breach
-vasodilation
-permeabilization
-extravasion
-phagocytosis

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22
Q

Breach

A

-pathogens breach the physical barrier

23
Q

Vasodilation

A

-increase in blood vessel diameter

24
Q

Permeabilization

A

-allows accumulation of excess fluid called exudate
-exudate: pro inflammatory cytokines and complement proteins that attract key cells to site of infection

25
Q

Extravasion

A

-chemotactic factors released by cells during the vasodilation induce the recruitment of more immune cells to the site of infection by way of chemotaxis

26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-macrophages and dendritic cells engulf pathogens

27
Q

PRR

A

-capable of recognizing repeated molecular patterns of pathogens

28
Q

Molecular pattern

A

-pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are expressed on surface of or found inside pathogens

29
Q

PAMP

A

-molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by immune cells which include functional structures of a pathogen & repeated sequences of protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, amino acids etc

30
Q

DAMP

A

-molecules released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis which are host biomolecules, indicate damage to the body, and initiate an inflammatory response

31
Q

Toll-like receptor

A

-class of PRRs
-upon activation they initiate transcription of genes encoding for inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory molecules
-they contribute to the activation of the innate immune cells which increase ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens

32
Q

Toll like receptor function

A

-sense presence of an infection through recognition and engulf by the phagocytic cell
-after engulfing, the cell will present pieces of the pathogen on its cell surface
-antigen presenting cell will also increase its production of costimulatory molecules
-an immunocompetent naive t cell will bind to the peptide and initiate an adaptive immune response

33
Q

Cells involved in phagocytosis

A

-neutrophil
-macrophages
-dendritic cell

34
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A

-attachment
-ingestion
-fusion
-digestion
-release

35
Q

Adaptive immune system main function

A

-specificity
-diversity

36
Q

Components of the adaptive

A

-humoural immunity: b cells and antibodies
-cell mediated immunity: t cells

37
Q

B cell characteristics

A

-mature in bone marrow
-b cell receptor
-antibody factory

38
Q

Subsets of B cell

A

-plasmocyte: effector cell
-memory b cell: memory cell

39
Q

T cell characteristics

A

-mature in the thymus
-t cell receptor
-cytotoxic activity or help the activation of immune response

40
Q

Subsets of T cell

A

-CD4 helper: effector cell, helps the activation of the adaptive immune response
-CD8 cytotoxic: effector cell, kills infected cells
-memory: memory cells, express TCR and CD4 or CD8 on their cell surface

41
Q

To induce cell mediated immunity

A

-Th cells will differentiate into Th1

42
Q

To induce humoural immunity

A

-Th cells will differentiate into Th2

43
Q

What is an antibody

A

-large y shaped protein that is highly specific
-also called an immunoglobin

44
Q

Where do antibodies come from

A

-surface antibodies: membrane bound on b cells
-soluble antibodies: secreted by b cells

45
Q

Basic structure of human immunoglobins

A

-2 heterodimeric proteins that are held together by disulfide bonds

46
Q

Chains that immunoglobins contain

A

-2 light chains
-2 heavy chains
-2 antigen binding regions
-1FC region

47
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

-IgM
-IgG
-IgA
-IgE
-IgD

48
Q

IgM

A

-first antibody to be formed in an immune response
-activates complement system

49
Q

IgG

A

-coats pathogens to promote phagocytosis
-only one that can cross placental barrier

50
Q

IgA

A

-first line of defence
-predominant antibody class located in mucosal membranes

51
Q

IgE

A

-produced in excess during allergic reactions
-has a role in immunity against certain parasites

52
Q

IgD

A

-found in large quantity on surface of mature B cells
-function is unclear but thought to play a role in B cell development

53
Q

Example of PAMP

A

-lipopolysaccaride (LPS)
-peptidoglycan
-flagellin
-viral nucleic acids

54
Q

Example of PRR

A

-TLR4

MICR 270 (5 decks)

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