module 4

Question 1

why is animal research beneficial

Answer 1

some methods are unethical and impossible on humans

brain behavior relationships are similar in animals and humans

Question 2

what are the 6 steps of the histological method

Answer 2

1. kill animal
2. drain blood and replace it with a different fluid
3. neural tissue in a fixative to harden the tissue
4. tissue is sliced with a microtome
5. tissue gets stained
6. examine using the electron microscope

Question 3

how many lesion methods are there

Answer 3

5

Question 4

Name that lesion method:

destruction and removal of a brain region

Answer 4

experimental ablasion

Question 5

Name that lesion method:

• Injection of excitatory amino acid
• Destroys cell bodies but not axons

Answer 5

excitotoxic lesion

Question 6

Name that lesion method:

• Performed on a control animal
• Insert electrode/cannula but do not perform a lesion
• This is done to confirm that the handling of the animal or other aspects of the surgery were NOT what caused the changes in the experimental animal

Answer 6

Sham lesion

Question 7

Name that lesion method:
Standardized process specific to the species by using an apparatus that locates the brain region with more precision than human hands can

Answer 7

Stereotaxic surgery

Question 8

Name that lesion method:

• Dissecting the brain after death
• This is done on humans with neurological disorders (if they give permission) to confirm/explore the brain regions that were affected by the disorder.

Answer 8

Postmortem

Question 9

what brain recording method is used animals only

Answer 9

single unit recording

Question 10

Name that brain recording method:

Involves inserting an electrode into the brain of an animal

Answer 10

single unit recording

Question 11

Name that brain recording method:
Based on same principles as x-rays
visualize large general structures
done on body parts and brains

Answer 11

computerized tomography (CT scan)

Question 12

Name that brain recording method:
Takes advantage of the magnetic properties of organic tissue
Gives a much clearer image of the brain than the CT scan

Answer 12

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 13

Name that brain recording method:

Used to treat depression (and some other clinical disorders) and to research brain function

Answer 13

transcranial magnetic simulation

Question 14

Name that brain recording method:
Recording of magnetic potentials at the scalp
Synchronous activity of aligned fields of dendrites (e.g. active neurons) creates a dipole (magnetic field)
Tiny signal

Answer 14

Magnetoencephalograhy (MEG)

Question 15

Name that brain recording method:
can measure bloodflow and/or the metabolism of neurotransmitters
Mildly invasive
Very expensive, well established, requires specially trained medical staff

Answer 15

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 16

Name that brain recording method:

confirms the lateralization of language and the location of other important brain

Answer 16

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 17

5 behavioral neuroscience methods

Answer 17

brain lesion studies
double dissociation
Neuropsychological assessment
Brain imaging
Electrophysiological studies

Question 18

Drug-induced changes in the functioning of cells in the nervous system

Answer 18

neuropharmacology

Question 19

Drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior

Answer 19

psychopharmacology

Question 20

Specific molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to a particular target site (or receptor)

Answer 20

drug action

Question 21

The result of drug action

widespread alterations in physiological or psychological functions

Answer 21

drug effect

Question 22

t/f: The site of drug action may be different from the site of drug effects

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Desired physical/behavioral changes

Answer 23

therapeutic effects

Question 24

Undesired physical/behavioral changes (can be minor or life-threatening)

Answer 24

side effects

Question 25

used in research trials of meds so that the researchers and the subjects are both “blind” to which subjects are in which condition

Answer 25

placebo

Question 26

Amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind with target sites (and have an effect)

Answer 26

bioavailability

Question 27

Those factors affecting bioavailability

Answer 27

pharmokinetic factors

Question 28

Large protein molecules, target sites for drugs

Answer 28

receptor

Question 29

Any molecule that binds to a receptor

Answer 29

ligand

Question 30

drug binds with the post-synaptic receptors of a particular neurotransmitter system

Answer 30

receptor agonist

Question 31

drug blocks the post-synaptic receptors of a particular neurotransmitter system

Answer 31

receptor antagonist

Question 32

Increase or facilitate NT activity at any point in the “life cycle”

Answer 32

agonist

Question 33

Decrease or inhibit NT activity at any point in the “life-cycle”

Answer 33

antagonist

Question 34

receptor numbers increase after prolonged exposure to a drug

Answer 34

up-regulation

Question 35

receptor numbers decrease after prolonged exposure to a drug

Answer 35

down-regulation

Question 36

Describes the extent of biological or behavioral effect produced by a given drug concentration

Answer 36

dose response curve

Question 37

Repeated use of a drug reduces the amount of that drug that is available at the target tissue
Changes related to metabolism

Answer 37

Metabolic tolerance

Question 38

Changes in nerve cell function compensate for continued presence of the drug (up-regulation/down-regulation)
Changes related to the neurons

Answer 38

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 39

Does not happen when drug use occurs in a novel environment

Changes related to the environment

Answer 39

Behavioral tolerance