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Biological Basis > module 2 > Flashcards

module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive info from other neurons

A

dendrite

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2
Q

extends like tail from the soma and carries info away

A

axon

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3
Q

what is the largest organelle in a neuron

A

nucleus

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4
Q

branches at the end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters

A

axon terminal

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5
Q

chemicals released by the neuron to communicate with muscle, organs or another neuron

A

neurotransmitter

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6
Q

what is the largest part of a neuron?

can you see a neuron with your naked eye

A

cell body

nope

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7
Q

The connection between 2 neurons is called a ______

A

synapse

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8
Q

The transmitting neuron is called the ____ and the receiving neuron is called the _______

A

presynaptic neuron

postsynaptic neuron

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9
Q

what are the stages of the action potential

A
  1. resting
  2. threshold
  3. depolarization
  4. repolarization
  5. absolute and relative refractory period
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10
Q

where do action potentials occur

A

nodes of ranvier

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11
Q

what happens at resting potential

what is the voltage

A

Na/K pumps are closed

-70 mV

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12
Q

sodium concentrations are ___ outside of cell and potassium concentration are ____ outside of the cell at resting potential

A

high

low

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13
Q

where does the threshold charge come from

what is the threshold charge

A

local potential

-55 mV

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14
Q

what causes depolarization

what is the charge

A

influx of sodium ions into the cell

+40 mV

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15
Q

what happens during repolarization
what happens to the charge
what is the charge

A

sodium gates close and potassium gates open and leave the cell
it overshoots resting potential
-80 mV

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16
Q

what is the relative refractory period

A

time when another action potential can be generated but only by a stronger than threshold stimulus

17
Q

what is the absolute refractory period

A

when the sodium ion channels are open but unable to respond the any further stimulation

18
Q

what allows the relative refractory period to happen

A

closed sodium channels and open potassium channels

19
Q

what four factors affect membrane potential

A

semi-permeable
electrostatic pressure
sodium-potassium pump
difussion

20
Q

how does the neuron’s semi-permeable membrane affect membrane potential

A

it contributes to polarization which meaning there is a difference in charge inside and outside of the cell

21
Q

how does the neuron’s electrostatic pressure affect membrane potential

A

it causes ions to repel from the side that is similarly charged and attraction to the side that is oppositely charged which balances ions

22
Q

how does the neuron’s diffusion affect membrane potential

A

cause ions to move to the areas where they are less concentrated

23
Q

how does the neuron’s sodium-potassium pump affect membrane potential

A

it keeps the inside of the membrane to be more negative compared to outside

24
Q

_____ sodium ions are moved out for every ____ potassium ions

A

three

two

25
Q

partial depolarization of dendrites and cell body

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

26
Q

hyperpolarization of the dendrites and cell body

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

27
Q

form the ion channel and open quickly to produce immediate reactions required for muscle activity and sensory processing

A

ionotropic receptors

28
Q

opens channels indirectly through a second messenger and acts slowly to produce longer-lasting effects

A

metabotropic receptors

29
Q

nonneural cells that hold neurons together, increase the speed of conduction and produce myelin

A

glial cells

30
Q

which types of glial cells actually produce myelin and where are they located

A

oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord

Schwann cells in the nervous system

31
Q

fatty tissue that wraps around the axon to insulate it from surrounding fluid and other neurons

A

myelin

32
Q

how does myelin affect neurosignalling

A

reduces capacitance

speeds up graded potential

33
Q

what are the 3 methods for cleaning up the synapse

A

inactivation
reuptake
destroyed by astrocytes

34
Q

where are large and small neurotransmitters packaged

A

small ones are packaged in the synaptic terminals

large ones are in vesicles

Biological Basis (4 decks)

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