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ap psych > module 4-8 key terms > Flashcards

module 4-8 key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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2
Q

overconfidence

A

our confidence in our knowledge is greater than our objective accuracy

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3
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction often implied by a theory

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5
Q

null hypothesis

A

a statement of no difference (a testable prediction often implied by a theory)

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6
Q

alternate hypothesis

A

a statement of difference (a testable prediction often implied by a theory)

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7
Q

operational definitions

A

a statement to describe the procedures used to define/measure the research variables (DV and IV) of a study

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8
Q

replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other people and circumstances

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9
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a research method that involves the systematic observation of an organism in a natural setting

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10
Q

case study

A

a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon

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11
Q

survey

A

a method of collecting self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative or random sample of people

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12
Q

wording effects

A

the effect that subtle changes in the words or in the order of words can have on a study participant

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13
Q

sampling bias

A

situations where the sample does not reflect the characteristics of the target population

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14
Q

population

A

the entire group to be studied

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15
Q

random sample

A

the representative group being surveyed (where every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected)

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16
Q

stratified sample

A

where subgroups in the population are represented proportionally

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17
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the relationship between two factors which allows us to use one factor to predict the other

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18
Q

correlation coefficient (r-value)

A

the mathematical expression of that relationship ranging from -1 to +1

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19
Q

scatterplot

A

a graph of plotted data points that show the relationship between two variables

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20
Q

positive correlation

A

when the values of the variables tend to rise and fall together

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21
Q

negative correlation

A

when as the values of one variable goes up, the other tends to go down

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22
Q

illusory correlation

A

a perceived nonexistent relationship

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23
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process while controlling other relevant factors by random assignment of subjects

24
Q

experimental group

A

the group that receives the treatment

25
Q

control group

A

the group that does not receive the treatment, but is the same in every other way

26
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants randomly to the experimental and control groups to minimize differences between the groups

27
Q

single blind procedure

A

where participants do not know which treatment group (experimental or control) they are in

28
Q

double blind procedure

A

where both the participants and the experimenter do not know which treatment groups (experimental or control) the subjects are in

29
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental groups caused by expectation alone

30
Q

independent variable

A

the variable or factor that is manipulated by the experimenter (cause)

31
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable being measured by the researcher (effect)

32
Q

confounding variable

A

factors (other than the IV) that influence the DV; may result from poor planning, sloppy work, bias, etc)

33
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure

34
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numbers that summarize a set of research data attained in a sample; summary

35
Q

inferential statistics

A

where one draws conclusions about given data

36
Q

statistical significance

A

helps quantify whether a result is due to chance or some factor or interest

37
Q

discrete variable

A

obtained by measuring or counting

38
Q

dichotomy

A

a division/contrast between two things that are represented as being entirely different

39
Q

trichotomy

A

a division into three catergories

40
Q

continuous variable

A

obtained by measuring and counting; can take on an unlimited number of values

41
Q

continuum

A

a continuous sequence where elements are not perceptibly different from each other except at the extremes

42
Q

measures of central tendency

A

identifies what is average or typical in a data set

43
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

44
Q

bimodal/multimodal

A

data sets with more than one mode

45
Q

median

A

the middle score in a rank-ordered distribution

46
Q

mean

A

the average score in a distribution

47
Q

measures of variability

A

measures distribution of data

48
Q

range

A

subtract the lowest score from the highest to determine the gap between scores

49
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of the dispersion of scores around the mean

50
Q

distribution

A

describes how values are distributed

51
Q

histogram

A

shows the frequency of numerical data using rectangles

52
Q

normal curve

A

continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical on both sides of the mean

53
Q

skew

A

the distortion or asymmetry that deviates from normal distribution

54
Q

outlier

A

an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values

55
Q

informed consent

A

the process by which researchers working with human participants describe their project and obtain subjects’ consent to participate

56
Q

debriefing

A

a set of procedures including counseling and the giving of information aimed at preventing psychological morbidity and aiding recovery after a traumatic event

ap psych (3 decks)

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