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Chemistry 30 > Module 4-6 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Module 4-6 Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fractionating towers

A

where petroleum is heated and sorted based on density and boiling points

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2
Q

Fractionating tower process

4 steps

A
  1. petrueum is added
  2. petroleum vaporizes
  3. the vapor rises further away from the heat source and the tempurature decreases
  4. when a hydrocarbon component reaches its boiling point (height) in the tower it will condense and be collected, while still allowing other vapor to continue to rise
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3
Q

Large hydrocarbons traits in a Fractionating Tower

3

A
  • higher boiling points
  • higher densities
  • sorted at the bottom of the tower (by the heating element)
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4
Q

Small hydrocarbons traits in a Fractionating Tower

A
  • lower boiling point
  • low density
  • sorted at the top of the tower (away from the heating element)
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5
Q

Cracking

A

Heating of any hydrocarbon under pressure to break C-C bonds (in the absence of air)

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6
Q

Steam Cracking

3 points

A
  • steam at >800’C
  • Pressure > atmospheric preassure
  • produces shorter alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons
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7
Q

Catalytic Cracking

3 points

A
  • powdered catylists heated at 600’C
  • Low pressure
  • produces diesel oil, gasoline and kerosene
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8
Q

Hydrocracking

3 points

A
  • form of catalytic cracking
  • hydrogen is added
  • produces low-grade gasoline and heating oils
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9
Q

Reforming

A

Heat, high pressure and catalysts convert straight-chain alkenes into branched alkanes, cycilic alkanes and aromatics

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10
Q

Reformed alkanes and aromatics purpose

A
  • upgrade gasoline
  • form plastics and foams
  • produces H2 gas (can be used for hydrocracking)
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11
Q

Alkylation

A

Short chain alkenes are chemically joint under controlled heat and preassure with an acid catalyst

Used to upgrade gasoline

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12
Q

Vacuum Distilation

A

Risidual unprocessed crude oil at the bottom of the fractionating tower is heated to 800’C it cracks into a number of products

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13
Q

Vacuum Distilation Products

A

Heavy oil, gasoline, cycloalkanes, waxes and coke (solid carbon residue)

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14
Q

Solvent extraction

A

removes impurites from heavy oil fractions, and can be performed on large or small scales

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15
Q

Solvent extraction steps

4 steps

A
  1. sample is placed in a speratory funnel
  2. solvent is added (should be oposite polarity of sample: nonpolar or polar depending)
  3. the more dense layer that forms at the bottom is extracted
  4. steps 2+3 can be repeated with a “wash” of solvent to isolate all entities from the sample
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16
Q

Precipitation separation

A

separates entities based on their solubility by using a solution to form a precipitate

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17
Q

Complete combustion reaction

A

reacton of hydrocarbons with Oxygen to produce oxygen, wator vapor, and energy

Hydrocarbon + O2 (g) –> CO2 (g) + H2O (g) + energy

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18
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction where atoms are added to a double or tripple bond

double/triple bond + small reactant = addition reaction

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19
Q

Elimination reaction

A

a reaction where atoms are removed from a molecule to form double bonds between two carbons

One reactant (loses 2 atoms) –> Alkene + excess product

20
Q

Alcohol in Elimination reactions

A

Only produces alkenes in the presence of a Strong Acid (acts as a catalyst) and produces a small stable chemical like water

21
Q

Alkyl Halides in elimination reactions

A

Only produces alkenes if they are heated in the presence of a strong base (Ex: NaOCH2CH3)

22
Q

Isomers in elimination reactions

4 points

A
  • Hydrogens like to be with hydrogens
  • Hydrogen is most likely to be removed from the carbon atom with the most carbon bonds
  • It can be removed from somewhere else, resulting in two products (isomers)
  • “Major product” is the most likely one
23
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A reaction where a hydrogen atom or a functional gorup is switched with another

Two compounds react to create two different compounds

24
Q

Alcohol in a substitution reaction

A

If reacted with an acid that has a halogen, the halogen switches with the hydroxyl group and makes an alkyl halide

25
Q

Akyl halide in a substutution reaction

A

If reacted with a hydroxide ion, the hydroxide switches with the halogen and makes an alcohol

can also happen in a strong base

26
Q

Alkanes in a substitution reaction

A

Reacts with chlorine or Bromine in the presence of ultraviolet light

27
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a substitution reaction

A

Reacts with chlorine or bromine if there is a catalyst

28
Q

Esterification Reaction

A

A reaction where alcohol combines with a carboxylic acid to make an ester and H2O

is an example of a condensaton reaction

29
Q

Condensation reaction

A

a reaction where two molecules combine to form a large molecule, and also makes a small molecule (usually water)

30
Q

Polymer

A
  • very long molecule made by linking monomers together
  • can be natural or synthetic
  • can consist of different monomers

DNA is a polymer with 4 different monomers

31
Q

Plastics

A

Polymers that can be heated and shaped into different forms

32
Q

Naming a polymer

A

Use the prefix “poly-“ before the name of the monomer

33
Q

Ester linkage

3 traits

A
  • happens in condensation polymerization
  • bonds a polyester together
  • produces water
33
Q

Addition polymerization

2 traits

A
  • Alkene monomers joined together with addition reactions
  • use broken double bonds to join monomers together
34
Q

Condensation polymerization

2 traits

A
  • Monomers combined with multiple condensation reactions
  • each monomer must have two functional groups (one at each end)
34
Q

Polyester

A

a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an alcohol group (-OH) react to make an polymer ester group (COOC)

35
Q

Amide linkage

3 traits

A
  • happens in condensation polymerization
  • Bonds polyamide/nylon together
  • produces water
36
Q

Polyamide

A

an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) makes an amide group (CONC)

37
Q

Environmental considerations of producing PVC

3 points

A
  • dioxins are released during production, which are highly toxic
  • produces gas emmissions and water contamination
  • many synthetic polymers to not degrade in the environment
38
Q

Cellulose

A

a polymer of glucose that makes up fibre in our diet

We cannot digest it

39
Q

Starch

A

a polymer of glucose that has lots of branching

40
Q

Glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose that is highly branched (more than starch). Animals use it as emergency glucose storage

41
Q

Protein

A

a polymer made of amino acid monomers linked together with amide linkages

20 different amino acids

42
Q

DNA

A

A polymer made from nucleotides that each contain a sugar, a phosphate and a nitorgenous base (A,C,G,T)

43
Q
A

Chemistry 30 (4 decks)

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