Module 1-3 Unit 3 Flashcards
Organic Compounds
New definition
Carbon based compounds with C-C bonds , C-H bonds and sometimes other bonds
Hydrocarbons
Compounds consisting of just hydrogen and carbon
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with NO benzene ring
Alkanes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds (saturated)
CnH2n+2
Saturation
The most amount of bonds with hydrogen you can have
Homologous series
any set of molocules that differ by one specific unit
Empirical molecular formula example
C5H12
Expanded molecular formula example
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3
Structural and condensed structual formula
Structural: Fully expanded compound with all bonds drawn
Condensed: CH written together with bonds between structural units
Line diagram
Zigzaged lines with the points representing carbons
Suffix
Category the molucule belongs to
Root
Number of carbon atoms in the parent chain
Root prefixs 1-10
meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
Prefix
the positions and names of branches (alkyl groups)
Physical properties of alkanes
4 traits
- Nonpolar
- Insoluble in water
- Only LDF at work
- Boiling point lower than Alkynes but higher than Alkenes
Alkenes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one double bond (Unsaturated)
CnH2n
Physical Properties of Alkenes
4 traits
- Nonpolar
- insoluble in water
- Only LDF at work
- Boiling points slightly lower than Alkanes
Alkynes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond (unsaturated)
CnH2n-2
Alkynes physical properties
4 traits
- Nonpolar
- Insoluble in water
- Only LDF at play
- Higher boiling points than alkanes
Cylic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons that form rings (No benzene ring)
can be alkanes alkenes or alkynes
Cylic hydrocarbons physical properties
Nonpolar, similar to straight chain hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with a benzene ring
Benzene ring
a Six-carbon ring with one hydorgen atom bonded to each carbon
Physical properties of aromatics
3 traits
- Liquid at standard temperature
- More carbons = higher boiling point
- Strong aromas
Functional group
special arrangment of atoms that define the properties of an atom
Hydrocarbons derivatives
similar to hydrocarbons, but include other atoms other than carbon and hydrogen (alcohol, alkyl halides, carbolic acids and esters)
Alcohol
a hydrocarbon derivitive that contains an -OH (hydroxyl)
Alcohol physical properties
4 traits
- Small molecules Polar, large are not
- Small molecules soluble in water, large are not
- Higher bp than alkanes
- Toxic
Naming Alcohols
Root, sufix, prefix steps
- Root: Parent chain includes -OH group
- Suffix: ends with “-ol” with the -OH position indicated by a number before the ol (if suffix ends with a vowel, drop the -e at the end of the parent alkane)
- Prefix: number alkyl branches
Alkyl halides
hydrocarbons containing at least on halogen atom (F,Cl, Br, I)
Alkyl Halides physical properties
4 traits
- artificial
- some are potent greenhouse gasses
- Very similar properties to alcohol
- Lower boiling point than alcohol
Naming Alkyl Halides
- Root: parent chain is longest one that includes the halogen group
- Suffix: “-ane” from the parent alkane, halogens are considered a branch
- Prefix: Name and number alkyl groups and then halogen groups (as Chloro-, fluoro-, bromo- or indo-). Sort alphabetically
Carboxylic Acid
Compound that contains a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Carboxylic Acid Physical properties
4 traits
- Very polar, allows for hydrogen bonding
- Bp higher than other derivatives and hyrocarbons
- Short acids are oluble in water, long are not
- weak acids (turn litmus paper red)
Naming Carboxylic Acids
Root, sufix, prefix steps
- Root: Parent chain is longest that includes the carboxyl group
- Suffix: Drop the “-e”at the end of the alkane and replace it with “-oic Acid”
- Prefix: Name and number alkyl side groups off of the main chain (numbering starts at the carboxyl)
Ester
Hydrocarbon derivative that includes a -COOC- functional group
general formula: RCOOR’ (R = any hydrocarbon, R’ = not just a Hydrogen)
Ester Physical properties
5 traits
- Polar
- No H-bonding
- Boiling point lower than alcohols and acids
- small esters are soluble (large are not)
- volatile to generate aromas (vaporise easily)
Naming Esters
Root, sufix, prefix steps
- Root: Parent chain contains C=O bonds, so name it as carboxylic acid
- Suffix: Drop the -oic acid and replace it with -oate
- Prefix: name the alkyl group branching off the oxygen, ALWAYS leaving a space between the prefix and the root
Isomers
compounds with identical atoms, but different structural formulas, leading to different properties
