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ergo 2 quiz 1 > module 4-5 > Flashcards

module 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

The focus of —— tends to be on performance in the workplace, hence characterizing its close linkage back to ergonomics, the study of work, and particularly cognitive ergonomics.

A

Engineering Psychology

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2
Q

The scientific study of human characteristics, capabilities, and limitations applied to the design of equipment, workplaces, environments, jobs, instructions, interfaces, systems, and processes.

A

HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS

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3
Q

the size, shape, surface-type and weight of the object being moved

A

load

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4
Q

the capabilities of the person carrying out the manual handling activity

A

individual

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5
Q

the type of manual handling activity, such as pushing, pulling, lifting or carrying etc.

A

task

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6
Q

the area in which the object is being moved

A

environment

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7
Q

typically measures of the big three

A

ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY

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8
Q

what are the big three in engineering psychology

A

speed, accuracy, and attentional demand

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9
Q

what are the cognitive phenomena that are engineering psychologist interested in?

A

degree of learning/memory of a concept, the quality of mental model, situation awareness, overconfidence

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10
Q

All the information come from:

A

observation and experiment

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11
Q

observe system in natural state

A

observation

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12
Q

manipulate system and observe outcomes

A

experiment

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13
Q

—– is that which informs, ie that from which data can be derived

A

information

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14
Q

—- is conveyed either as a content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of something

A

information

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15
Q

what are the 6 types of information

A

quantitative, qualitative, status, warning, representational, identification

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16
Q

what type of information if it is expressed like 100% charged, 63% used?

A

quantitative

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17
Q

what type of information if it is expressed like fully charged, partially used?

A

qualitative

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18
Q

what type of information if it is expressed like normal,abnormal?

A

status

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19
Q

what type of information if it is expressed like abnormal-potentially dangerous?

A

warning

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20
Q

what type of information if it is expressed like pictures, diagrams, charts?

A

representational

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21
Q

what type of information if it is expressed like labels, proofs?

A

identification

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22
Q

who developed information theory

A

Claude E. Shannon

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23
Q

—– was developed to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data.

A

Information Theory

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24
Q

— draws knowledge from statistical inference, natural language processing and other forms of data analysis.

A

Information Theory

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25
Q

Start by an environmental input or
operator’s voluntary intention to act.

A

system environment

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26
Q

stss means

A

Short-term sensory store

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27
Q

sensory systems have an associated STSS to prolong the representation of the raw material for

A

0.5 minute or 2-4 seconds

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28
Q

permits environmental information to be preserved temporarily and dealt with later.

A

short-term sensory store

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29
Q
  • Proceeds automatically and rapidly.
    -Driven both by sensory input
    (bottom-up processing) or by inputs from long-term memory about what events are expected.
A

perception

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30
Q

remove the ability to use past experiences.

A

Unfamiliar circumstances

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31
Q

forces the perceiver to use top-down expectancies.

A

poor sensory quality

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32
Q

If such expectancies are wrong, perceptual errors can occur.

true or false

A

true

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33
Q

refers to processing sensory information as it is coming in.

A

Bottom - up processing

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34
Q

refers to perception that is driven by cognition.

A

top-down processing

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35
Q

require
greater time, mental effort, or attention through rehearsal, reasoning or image processing using working memory.

A

Cognition operations

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36
Q

We all have memories and one way to understand them is to use them under —-

A

controlled conditions

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37
Q

response selection is di-erent from its
execution

true or false

A

true

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38
Q

Understanding of a situation, achieved through perception and augmented by cognitive transformations, often what

A

action

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39
Q

(Hick-Hyman
Law) + Movement Time (Fitts’ Law)

A

reaction time

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40
Q

it describes
decisions made under uncertainty.

A

Signal detection theory

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41
Q

It distinguishes between different types of errors or successes and describes the tradeoffs between
them.

A

Signal detection theory

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42
Q

give the 4 parts of signal detection

A

stimulus, signal, noise, task

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43
Q

This is where sensory inputs take place

A

stimulus

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44
Q

stimulus having a special pattern

A

signal

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45
Q

Obscuring stimuli

A

noise

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46
Q

Report “yes” when signal present, otherwise “no”

A

task

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47
Q

ROC means

A

receiver operating characteristics

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48
Q

a graphical plot of how ofen false alarms (x-axis) occur versus how ofen hits (y- axis) occur for any level of sensi)vity.

A

ROC Curve

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49
Q

The more the curve bends up to the —, the better the sensitivity.

A

right

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50
Q

— is captured by the “bow” in the curve.

A

Sensitivity of d’

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51
Q

When humans detect signals, how many alternatives they make along a sequence of sensory evidence?

A

two

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52
Q

when humans must identify or classify three or more stimuli at different levels of sensory evidence, this task is called

A

absolute judgement

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53
Q

is an example of a task in which the human transmits information from stimulus to
response. 


A

absolute judgment

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54
Q

An observer assigns a stimulus into one of multiple categories along a —

A

sensory dimension

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55
Q

what are the 2 dimensions under absolute judgment

A

single dimension and multidimensional judgment

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56
Q

An information can be expressed in terms of —

A

bits (binomial digits)

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57
Q

When the amount of transmitted information is less than the stimulus information (HT < HS)

A

information loss

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58
Q

the amount of information in the stimulus

A

Hs

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59
Q

what 2 are under single dimensions

A

channel capacity, edge effect

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60
Q

what continuum are this: tone pitch, light intensity, or texture roughness

A

stimulus continuum

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61
Q

what continuum are this: four tones of different frequencies

A

discrete levels of the continuum

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62
Q

A stimulus continuum and several discrete levels of the continuum are selected.

A

Channel Capacity (Experimental Results)

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63
Q

The stimuli are presented randomly to the subject one at a time, and the subject is asked to associate a different response to each one

A

Channel Capacity (Experimental Results)

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64
Q

When four discriminable stimuli (two bits) are presented, —- is usually perfect.

A

information transmission (HT)

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65
Q

when we increase the number of discrete stimulus levels, — increases. this suggests the idea that every subject has a maximum channel capacity

A

error rate

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66
Q

indicates perfect information
transmission

A

45-degree slope of the dashed
line

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67
Q

The level of the flat part or
asymptote of the function indicates the channel capacity of the operator: somewhere between —- bits.

A

2 and 3

68
Q

Absolute judgments are also subject to the —- “stimuli located in the middle of the range are generally identified with poorer accuracy than those at the extremes”

A

edge effect

69
Q

what are the 2 under multidimensional judgments

A

orthogonal and correlated dimensions

70
Q

Most of our recognition is based on the identification of some combination of two or more stimulus dimensions

true or false

A

true

71
Q

The level of the stimulus on one dimension can take on any value, and independent of the other.

A

orthogonal dimension

72
Q

what dimension is hair color and weight

A

orthogonal dimension

73
Q

“As more dimensions are added, more total information is transmitted, but less information is transmitted per dimension”

true or false

A

true

74
Q

The level on one constraints the level on another.

A

correlated dimensions

75
Q

what dimension is height and weight

A

correlated dimension

76
Q

“As more dimensions are added, the security of the channel improves, but Hs limits the amount of information that can be transmitted”

true or false

A

true

77
Q

which dimension maximize Ht, the efficiency of the channel?

A

orthogonal

78
Q

which dimension minimize Hloss; that is, they maximize the security of the channel.

A

correlated

79
Q

goal of human error in ergonomics

A

Minimize human errors to maximize system performance

80
Q

How does Human Error occur?

A

task complexity, error-likely situations, individual differences

81
Q

how do you do error detection

A

action based, output based, process based

82
Q

when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design has a problem that caused the mishap.

A

Design Deficiency

83
Q

when the machine operated incorrectly.

A

Equipment Malfunction

84
Q

when the material or assembly has an issue
that causes it to fail.

A

Manufacturing Defect

85
Q

when an outside factor such as the weather causes the hazardous condition.

A

environmental hazard

86
Q

appropriate skills and capabilities to perform required tasks

A

Personnel Selection

87
Q

helps ensure appropriate skills; can be expensive and time consuming; people may revert to original behavior under stress

A

training

88
Q

preferred method; maintainability, displays & controls, feedback (error detection), user expectations; categories: exclusionary, preventative, and fail-safe.

A

design

89
Q

7 visual capabilities

A

mobility, accommodation, adaptation, color discrimination, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, perception

90
Q

whole different than the sum of its parts

A

gestalt perception

91
Q

is the result of the relation between stimuli, rather than stimuli themselves.

A

perception

92
Q

things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart

A

Proximity

93
Q

when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together

A

similarity

94
Q

elements that are connected to each other using colors, lines, frames, or other shapes are perceived as a single unit when compared with other elements that are not linked in the same manner

A

uniform connectedness

95
Q

we perceive objects arranged in continuous lines or curves as more related than elements on a jagged or broken line

A

Good continuation

96
Q

They are made up of a bunch of individual elements, but because they move seemingly as one, our brains group them together and consider them a single stimulus

A

Common fate or symmetry

97
Q

the action the brain takes to fill in gaps in things it perceives

A

closure

98
Q

the distance from the top or surface to the bottom of something.

A

depth

99
Q

used to describe the phenomenon which causes distant objects such as nlountains to appear bluish in color. Another aspect of this is the fact that atmospheric haze makes their contours appear more blurred.

A

aerial perspective

100
Q

idea of light and shade to help create an images that jumps out of a series of shapes.

A

Shading and lighting

101
Q

the action or fact of elevating or being elevated.

A

elevation

102
Q

refers to the fact that the more distant an object, the smaller its image will be on the retina.

A

relative size

103
Q

Appears to differ from reality.

A

visual illusions

104
Q

When conflicting or simultaneous
information occurs through the different senses, the visual system often determines what we perceive.

A

displays

105
Q

Initial decision in display design: to use —

A

visual or auditory displays

106
Q

Indicates existence of a condition

A

check display

107
Q

Indicates status, approximate value or trend of a changing value.

A

qualitative display

108
Q

Indicates an exact numerical value
that must be read or that must be
determined.

A

quantitative display

109
Q

Used to convey detailed information

A

numeric display

110
Q

what is the width to height ratio of Black text on white background

A

1:6 to 1:8

111
Q

what is the width to height ratio of white text on black background

A

1:8 to 1:10

112
Q

what fonts are typically used for text

A

serif fonts

113
Q

— should be as low as
possible

A

Display density

114
Q
  • Extensively used for facilities
  • Identifiable, as simple and as
    symmetric as possible
A

Symbolic display

115
Q
  • Convey exact numeric value well.
  • Difficult to read when changing
    rapidly.
  • More effort needed to determine
    trends.
A

digital display

116
Q
  • Convey spatial information and trend effectively.
  • Do not provide precise values.
  • Direct depiction of the system state
A

analog display

117
Q

Evoke immediate attention and
requires an immediate response.

A

warning, caution

118
Q

Evokes general awareness of a
marginal condition.

A

advisory

119
Q

Display should attract attention and located where people would be looking; prominence, novelty and relevance.

A

Conspicuity

120
Q

Visible under all expected viewing
conditions (day or night viewing,
bright sunlight, etc.)

A

visibility

121
Q

Optimize contrast of characters to background, using font types that are easy to read.

A

legibility

122
Q

As few words as possible, no
acronyms or abbreviations, telling
exactly what to do.

A

Intelligibility

123
Q

Important words, larger fonts, and borderlines

A

emphasis

124
Q

Use standard words and symbols
whenever they exist.

A

Standardization

125
Q

Made of materials that resist aging and wear and tear

A

Maintainability

126
Q

May indicate that certain functions
are on.

A

white

127
Q

Indicate sa6sfactory conditions: ‘Go
ahead”, “Ready”, “Power on.”

A

green

128
Q

Marginal conditions exists, alertness is needed, caution be exercised, checking is necessary, unexpected delays exist.

A

yellow

129
Q

Stop, system is inoperative,
corrective or overriding action need.

A

red

130
Q

Emergency requiring immediate
action.

A

flashing red

131
Q

No special meaning but is used in combination with flashing red light.

A

blue

132
Q
  • may be straight, curved, or circular.
A

Scales

133
Q

—– should be laid out such that correct reading can be taken quickly.

A

Graduations and numbers

134
Q

Numbers should be located —- scale markings so that they are not obscured by the pointer.

A

outside

135
Q

Number should increase from left to right, bottom to top and clockwise.

true or false

A

true

136
Q

Limit the number of colors in a
display to — if users are inexperienced.

A

four

137
Q

No more than — colors should be used.

A

7

138
Q

give the 3 suggested color combinations

A

gyorw, bcgyw, cgyow

139
Q

give the 3 must avoid color combinations

A

reds with blues, reds with cyans, magentas with blues

140
Q

what color is good for backgrounds and large shapes.

A

Blue

141
Q

what colors should not be used for small symbols and small shapes in peripheral areas of large displays.

A

Red and green

142
Q

Color of — should contrast sharply with the background.

A

alphanumeric characters

143
Q

Orient displays within the normal viewing area with surfaces — to the line of sight.

A

perpendicular

144
Q

do not avoid glare

true or false

A

false

145
Q

Group displays functionally or
sequentially.

true or false

A

true

146
Q

Make sure that displays are properly
illuminated, coded, and labeled according to their function.

true or false

A

true

147
Q

labels should be oriented

A

horizontally

148
Q

created by vibrations from some source

A

sound

149
Q

The frequency of a physical sound is associated with the human sensitivity of —.

A

pitch

150
Q

Sound intensity is associated with human sesensation of –.

A

loudness

151
Q

Frequency is expressed in —-, which is equivalent to cycles per second.

A

hertz (Hz)

152
Q

On the musical scale, middle C (piano keyboard) has a frequency of —.

A

256 Hz

153
Q

The human ear is sensitive to frequencies between —

A

20 to 20,000 Hz.

154
Q
A

16 Hz to 20 KHz

155
Q

Older people can rarely hear
above –

A

12 KHz

156
Q

is commonly expressed in terms of decibels (dB), based on the ratio between reference pressure level (Pr), and the pressure of interest (P).

A

sound intensity

157
Q

whisper in a soundproof room

A

quiet

158
Q

soft background music at home

A

faint

159
Q

conversation, radio, airconditioning

A

moderate

160
Q

street activities, typewriting

A

loud

161
Q

busy street, duplicating machines, manufacturing

A

very loud

162
Q

jet engine, explosion, thunder, riveter, jack hammer

A

deafining

163
Q

may be single tones, sounds (mixture of tones), or spoken messages.

A

auditory signals

164
Q

may be continuous, periodic or uneven at timings.

A

tones and sounds

165
Q

are recommended for qualitative information, such as indication of status, or for warnings.

A

tonal signals

166
Q

— may be appropriate for all types of messages.

A

Speech

167
Q
A

ergo 2 quiz 1 (3 decks)

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