module 4-5 Flashcards
1
Q
The focus of —— tends to be on performance in the workplace, hence characterizing its close linkage back to ergonomics, the study of work, and particularly cognitive ergonomics.
A
Engineering Psychology
2
Q
The scientific study of human characteristics, capabilities, and limitations applied to the design of equipment, workplaces, environments, jobs, instructions, interfaces, systems, and processes.
A
HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS
3
Q
the size, shape, surface-type and weight of the object being moved
A
load
4
Q
the capabilities of the person carrying out the manual handling activity
A
individual
5
Q
the type of manual handling activity, such as pushing, pulling, lifting or carrying etc.
A
task
6
Q
the area in which the object is being moved
A
environment
7
Q
typically measures of the big three
A
ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY
8
Q
what are the big three in engineering psychology
A
speed, accuracy, and attentional demand
9
Q
what are the cognitive phenomena that are engineering psychologist interested in?
A
degree of learning/memory of a concept, the quality of mental model, situation awareness, overconfidence
10
Q
All the information come from:
A
observation and experiment
11
Q
observe system in natural state
A
observation
12
Q
manipulate system and observe outcomes
A
experiment
13
Q
—– is that which informs, ie that from which data can be derived
A
information
14
Q
—- is conveyed either as a content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of something
A
information
15
Q
what are the 6 types of information
A
quantitative, qualitative, status, warning, representational, identification
16
Q
what type of information if it is expressed like 100% charged, 63% used?
A
quantitative
17
Q
what type of information if it is expressed like fully charged, partially used?
A
qualitative
18
Q
what type of information if it is expressed like normal,abnormal?
A
status
19
Q
what type of information if it is expressed like abnormal-potentially dangerous?
A
warning
20
Q
what type of information if it is expressed like pictures, diagrams, charts?
A
representational
21
Q
what type of information if it is expressed like labels, proofs?
A
identification
22
Q
who developed information theory
A
Claude E. Shannon
23
Q
—– was developed to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data.
A
Information Theory
24
Q
— draws knowledge from statistical inference, natural language processing and other forms of data analysis.
A
Information Theory
25
Start by an environmental input or
operator’s voluntary intention to act.
system environment
26
stss means
Short-term sensory store
27
sensory systems have an associated STSS to prolong the representation of the raw material for
0.5 minute or 2-4 seconds
28
permits environmental information to be preserved temporarily and dealt with later.
short-term sensory store
29
- Proceeds automatically and rapidly.
-Driven both by sensory input
(bottom-up processing) or by inputs from long-term memory about what events are expected.
perception
30
remove the ability to use past experiences.
Unfamiliar circumstances
31
forces the perceiver to use top-down expectancies.
poor sensory quality
32
If such expectancies are wrong, perceptual errors can occur.
true or false
true
33
refers to processing sensory information as it is coming in.
Bottom - up processing
34
refers to perception that is driven by cognition.
top-down processing
35
require
greater time, mental effort, or attention through rehearsal, reasoning or image processing using working memory.
Cognition operations
36
We all have memories and one way to understand them is to use them under ----
controlled conditions
37
response selection is di-erent from its
execution
true or false
true
38
Understanding of a situation, achieved through perception and augmented by cognitive transformations, often what
action
39
(Hick-Hyman
Law) + Movement Time (Fitts’ Law)
reaction time
40
it describes
decisions made under uncertainty.
Signal detection theory
41
It distinguishes between different types of errors or successes and describes the tradeoffs between
them.
Signal detection theory
42
give the 4 parts of signal detection
stimulus, signal, noise, task
43
This is where sensory inputs take place
stimulus
44
stimulus having a special pattern
signal
45
Obscuring stimuli
noise
46
Report “yes” when signal present, otherwise “no”
task
47
ROC means
receiver operating characteristics
48
a graphical plot of how ofen false alarms (x-axis) occur versus how ofen hits (y- axis) occur for any level of sensi)vity.
ROC Curve
49
The more the curve bends up to the ---, the better the sensitivity.
right
50
--- is captured by the “bow” in the curve.
Sensitivity of d’
51
When humans detect signals, how many alternatives they make along a sequence of sensory evidence?
two
52
when humans must identify or classify three or more stimuli at different levels of sensory evidence, this task is called
absolute judgement
53
is an example of a task in which the human transmits information from stimulus to
response.
absolute judgment
54
An observer assigns a stimulus into one of multiple categories along a ---
sensory dimension
55
what are the 2 dimensions under absolute judgment
single dimension and multidimensional judgment
56
An information can be expressed in terms of ---
bits (binomial digits)
57
When the amount of transmitted information is less than the stimulus information (HT < HS)
information loss
58
the amount of information in the stimulus
Hs
59
what 2 are under single dimensions
channel capacity, edge effect
60
what continuum are this: tone pitch, light intensity, or texture roughness
stimulus continuum
61
what continuum are this: four tones of different frequencies
discrete levels of the continuum
62
A stimulus continuum and several discrete levels of the continuum are selected.
Channel Capacity (Experimental Results)
63
The stimuli are presented randomly to the subject one at a time, and the subject is asked to associate a different response to each one
Channel Capacity (Experimental Results)
64
When four discriminable stimuli (two bits) are presented, ---- is usually perfect.
information transmission (HT)
65
when we increase the number of discrete stimulus levels, --- increases. this suggests the idea that every subject has a maximum channel capacity
error rate
66
indicates perfect information
transmission
45-degree slope of the dashed
line
67
The level of the flat part or
asymptote of the function indicates the channel capacity of the operator: somewhere between ---- bits.
2 and 3
68
Absolute judgments are also subject to the ---- “stimuli located in the middle of the range are generally identified with poorer accuracy than those at the extremes”
edge effect
69
what are the 2 under multidimensional judgments
orthogonal and correlated dimensions
70
Most of our recognition is based on the identification of some combination of two or more stimulus dimensions
true or false
true
71
The level of the stimulus on one dimension can take on any value, and independent of the other.
orthogonal dimension
72
what dimension is hair color and weight
orthogonal dimension
73
“As more dimensions are added, more total information is transmitted, but less information is transmitted per dimension”
true or false
true
74
The level on one constraints the level on another.
correlated dimensions
75
what dimension is height and weight
correlated dimension
76
“As more dimensions are added, the security of the channel improves, but Hs limits the amount of information that can be transmitted”
true or false
true
77
which dimension maximize Ht, the efficiency of the channel?
orthogonal
78
which dimension minimize Hloss; that is, they maximize the security of the channel.
correlated
79
goal of human error in ergonomics
Minimize human errors to maximize system performance
80
How does Human Error occur?
task complexity, error-likely situations, individual differences
81
how do you do error detection
action based, output based, process based
82
when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design has a problem that caused the mishap.
Design Deficiency
83
when the machine operated incorrectly.
Equipment Malfunction
84
when the material or assembly has an issue
that causes it to fail.
Manufacturing Defect
85
when an outside factor such as the weather causes the hazardous condition.
environmental hazard
86
appropriate skills and capabilities to perform required tasks
Personnel Selection
87
helps ensure appropriate skills; can be expensive and time consuming; people may revert to original behavior under stress
training
88
preferred method; maintainability, displays & controls, feedback (error detection), user expectations; categories: exclusionary, preventative, and fail-safe.
design
89
7 visual capabilities
mobility, accommodation, adaptation, color discrimination, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, perception
90
whole different than the sum of its parts
gestalt perception
91
is the result of the relation between stimuli, rather than stimuli themselves.
perception
92
things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart
Proximity
93
when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together
similarity
94
elements that are connected to each other using colors, lines, frames, or other shapes are perceived as a single unit when compared with other elements that are not linked in the same manner
uniform connectedness
95
we perceive objects arranged in continuous lines or curves as more related than elements on a jagged or broken line
Good continuation
96
They are made up of a bunch of individual elements, but because they move seemingly as one, our brains group them together and consider them a single stimulus
Common fate or symmetry
97
the action the brain takes to fill in gaps in things it perceives
closure
98
the distance from the top or surface to the bottom of something.
depth
99
used to describe the phenomenon which causes distant objects such as nlountains to appear bluish in color. Another aspect of this is the fact that atmospheric haze makes their contours appear more blurred.
aerial perspective
100
idea of light and shade to help create an images that jumps out of a series of shapes.
Shading and lighting
101
the action or fact of elevating or being elevated.
elevation
102
refers to the fact that the more distant an object, the smaller its image will be on the retina.
relative size
103
Appears to differ from reality.
visual illusions
104
When conflicting or simultaneous
information occurs through the different senses, the visual system often determines what we perceive.
displays
105
Initial decision in display design: to use ---
visual or auditory displays
106
Indicates existence of a condition
check display
107
Indicates status, approximate value or trend of a changing value.
qualitative display
108
Indicates an exact numerical value
that must be read or that must be
determined.
quantitative display
109
Used to convey detailed information
numeric display
110
what is the width to height ratio of Black text on white background
1:6 to 1:8
111
what is the width to height ratio of white text on black background
1:8 to 1:10
112
what fonts are typically used for text
serif fonts
113
--- should be as low as
possible
Display density
114
- Extensively used for facilities
- Identifiable, as simple and as
symmetric as possible
Symbolic display
115
- Convey exact numeric value well.
- Difficult to read when changing
rapidly.
- More effort needed to determine
trends.
digital display
116
- Convey spatial information and trend effectively.
- Do not provide precise values.
- Direct depiction of the system state
analog display
117
Evoke immediate attention and
requires an immediate response.
warning, caution
118
Evokes general awareness of a
marginal condition.
advisory
119
Display should attract attention and located where people would be looking; prominence, novelty and relevance.
Conspicuity
120
Visible under all expected viewing
conditions (day or night viewing,
bright sunlight, etc.)
visibility
121
Optimize contrast of characters to background, using font types that are easy to read.
legibility
122
As few words as possible, no
acronyms or abbreviations, telling
exactly what to do.
Intelligibility
123
Important words, larger fonts, and borderlines
emphasis
124
Use standard words and symbols
whenever they exist.
Standardization
125
Made of materials that resist aging and wear and tear
Maintainability
126
May indicate that certain functions
are on.
white
127
Indicate sa6sfactory conditions: ‘Go
ahead”, “Ready”, “Power on.”
green
128
Marginal conditions exists, alertness is needed, caution be exercised, checking is necessary, unexpected delays exist.
yellow
129
Stop, system is inoperative,
corrective or overriding action need.
red
130
Emergency requiring immediate
action.
flashing red
131
No special meaning but is used in combination with flashing red light.
blue
132
- may be straight, curved, or circular.
Scales
133
----- should be laid out such that correct reading can be taken quickly.
Graduations and numbers
134
Numbers should be located ---- scale markings so that they are not obscured by the pointer.
outside
135
Number should increase from left to right, bottom to top and clockwise.
true or false
true
136
Limit the number of colors in a
display to --- if users are inexperienced.
four
137
No more than --- colors should be used.
7
138
give the 3 suggested color combinations
gyorw, bcgyw, cgyow
139
give the 3 must avoid color combinations
reds with blues, reds with cyans, magentas with blues
140
what color is good for backgrounds and large shapes.
Blue
141
what colors should not be used for small symbols and small shapes in peripheral areas of large displays.
Red and green
142
Color of --- should contrast sharply with the background.
alphanumeric characters
143
Orient displays within the normal viewing area with surfaces --- to the line of sight.
perpendicular
144
do not avoid glare
true or false
false
145
Group displays functionally or
sequentially.
true or false
true
146
Make sure that displays are properly
illuminated, coded, and labeled according to their function.
true or false
true
147
labels should be oriented
horizontally
148
created by vibrations from some source
sound
149
The frequency of a physical sound is associated with the human sensitivity of ---.
pitch
150
Sound intensity is associated with human sesensation of --.
loudness
151
Frequency is expressed in ----, which is equivalent to cycles per second.
hertz (Hz)
152
On the musical scale, middle C (piano keyboard) has a frequency of ---.
256 Hz
153
The human ear is sensitive to frequencies between ---
20 to 20,000 Hz.
154
Infants can hear tones of about
---
16 Hz to 20 KHz
155
Older people can rarely hear
above --
12 KHz
156
is commonly expressed in terms of decibels (dB), based on the ratio between reference pressure level (Pr), and the pressure of interest (P).
sound intensity
157
whisper in a soundproof room
quiet
158
soft background music at home
faint
159
conversation, radio, airconditioning
moderate
160
street activities, typewriting
loud
161
busy street, duplicating machines, manufacturing
very loud
162
jet engine, explosion, thunder, riveter, jack hammer
deafining
163
may be single tones, sounds (mixture of tones), or spoken messages.
auditory signals
164
may be continuous, periodic or uneven at timings.
tones and sounds
165
are recommended for qualitative information, such as indication of status, or for warnings.
tonal signals
166
--- may be appropriate for all types of messages.
Speech
167
