ergo quiz 1 Flashcards
Cognition in work and operational settings, to optimize human well-being and system performance.
cognitive ergonomics
cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes such as ___ as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response
(International Ergonomics Association)
Scientific study and body of knowledge of human abilities, limitations, and characteristics for the appropriate design of the living and work environments.
ergonomics
Concerned with ensuring that the work system is conducive to good performance and work effectiveness, and consequently, that the work environment is compatible with the health, safety, and comfort of the individual. (BCPE, 1993)
ergonomics
Ergonomics has existed as a profession for over ____ years.
50
5 benefits of human factors and ergonomics
- Reducing human error in the system performance
- Reducing hazards to individuals in the work environment
- Improving system efficiency
- Designing systems with a user focus
- Improve quality of life
5 things under economic advantages
- Minimizing fatigue and overexertion
- Minimizing absenteeism and labor turnover
- Improving quality and quantity of output
- Eliminating or minimizing injuries, strains, and sprains
- Minimizing lost time and costs associated with injuries and accidents.
2 things under progress in knowledge and technology
- Learning about human desires, capabilities, and limitations
- Developing and applying new theories and practices
2 things under moral imperative
- Maximizing safety, efficiency, comfort, and productivity
- Improving human condition and quality of life
It is a subset of the larger field of human factors and ergonomics.
cognitive ergonomics
7 relevant topics related to human-system design
Mental workload, Decision making, Skilled performance, Human reliability, Human computer interaction, Work stress, training
scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems,organs, and tissues.
anatomy
It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, their locations and their relationship with other parts
anatomy
scientific study of how the human body functions.
physiology
Physiology includes ___, ____, ____, and ___ functions of humans in good health,from organs to the cells of which they are composed.
mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, biochemical
scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behavior, or the influence of a particular person’s character on his or her own behavior.
psychology
The field of cognitive ergonomics emerged predominantly in the ___ with the advent of the personal computers and new developments in the field of _____
1970s, cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence
Cognitive ergonomic is the application of ____ to work, to achieve the optimization between people and their work.
psychology
It is considered as an ______, and has rapidly developed over the last _____ years.
applied science, 27 years
According to van der Veer, _______ was one of the pioneers of________, andadvocated the notion of “user-centered designs”.
Enid Mumford, interactive systems engineering
2 Criteria for Developing a user-centered design
- Task Analysis
- Analyzing motor control cognition during visual tasks
the evaluation of cognitive task demands
task analysis
operating machinery, attention evaluation
Analyzing motor control cognitionduring visual tasks
a discipline and practice that aims to ensure appropriate interaction between work, product and environment, and human needs,capabilities, and limitations.
cognitive ergonomics
cognitive ergonomics =
mental processes
cognitive approach that is often equated with contemporary cognitive psychology.
Human information processing model
Information-processing models to particular tasks describe the flow of information through the various stages and predict ___, ____, ____, and other aspects of human performance.
response times, error times, error types
refers to the cognitive limitations of consumers
Bounded rationality
According to the bounded rationality, we make suboptimal decisions due to three factors
cognitive limitations,imperfect information, and time constraints
When faced with complex choices,consumers may opt to ____ instead of spending time and effort analyzing the situation – leading to a sub - optimal choice.
satisfice
Refers to our inability as humans to process information in an optimal manner. In other words,we are unable to consider all available factors in our decision making.
cognitive limitation
refers to the lack of information a consumer has. Not many consumers likely to spend hours researching what it is and how it affects the performance of their decisions.
information imperfection
constrict our ability to process and analyze a situation and come to an optimal decision.
time constraint
- We are not optimal decision makers.
- We tend to relative satisfaction, not to perfection.
- We have never complete information availability.
- We are finite memory storage.
- We cannot foresee all the possible effects of options.
- We follow heuristics rather than algorithms.
theory of bounded rationality (Simon,1957)
An (in) action that was not intended.
An action not desired by a set of rules or an external observer.
An action that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits.
theory of human error (Reason, 1990)
a subfield of cognitive ergonomics, aims to enhance human-computer interaction by using neural correlates to be better understand situational tasks demands.
Neuroergonomics
is an emerging field that investigates the human brain in relation to behavior performance in natural environments and everyday settings.
Neuroergonomics
involves assessing safe driving protocol,enhancing elderly mobility, and analyzing cognitive abilities involved with navigation of abstract virtual environments.
Neuroergonomics research
This discipline has been summarize by _____, as the “scientific study of the brain mechanisms and psychological and physical functions of humans in relation to technology, work and environments.”
Raja Parasuraman
3 application of cognitive ergonomics
- designing software interface to be “easy to use”
- designing icons and visual cues
- designing airplane cockpit or nuclear powerplant control system
The way people perceive and act has____ implications on the design of the objects and environment that they use.
direct
If physical surroundings reflect and support their natural cognitive tendencies, there will be ______
less errors and performances & productivity – positive boost
“Mind is as comfortable at work as the body.”
true or false
true
Cognitive ergonomics is a division of ergonomics (human factors), a discipline and practice that aims to ensure appropriate interaction between ___, ____ and____, and ____,____, and ____.
work, product and environment, human needs, capabilities, and limitations
3 things about ergonomics
- human centered
- multi-disciplinary
- application oriented
The mind creates and controls mental functions such as
perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning.
Cognitive psychology indicates different types of cognition – the mental processes, such as ____, ___, and ____, which is what the mind ___.
perception, attention, and memory | creates
a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals.
mind
Indicates something about how the mind operates (it creates representations) and its function (it enables us to act and to achieve goals.)
cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates.
cognitive psychology
How Long Does it Take to Make a
Decision?
Donder’s Pioneering Experiment (1868)
Structuralism and Analytic Introspection
Wundt’s Psychology Laboratory (1879)
What is the Time Course of Forgetting?
Ebbinghaus’s Memory Experiment (1885)
Principles of Psychology
William James’s Principles of Psychology (1890)
Donders was interested in determining how long it takes for a person to
make a decision
how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus.
reaction time
asking his participants to push a button as rapidly as possible when they saw a light go on.
simple reaction time
asking his participants to push the left button when they saw the left light go on and the right button when they saw the right light go on
choice reaction time
changes the ___ response to “Perceive left light” and “Decide which button to push.”
mental response
the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions would indicate how long it took to make the decision
that led to pushing the correct
true or false
true
Donders concluded that the decision-making process took
one-tenth of a second
Mental responses cannot be measured
directly, but must be inferred from
behavior.
true or false
true
indicate that when Donders measured reaction
time, he was measuring the relationship between presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response.
dashed lines
he did not measure mental responses directly but inferred how long they took from the reaction times.
true or false
true
mental responses can be measured directly
true or false
false
Choice Reaction Time – Simple Reaction Time =
time to make a decision
In 1879, ___ years after Donders’s reaction time experiment
11
Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the
university of leipzig in germany
According to _____, our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience which is called _____
structuralism, sensation
Wundt wanted to create a _____, which would include all the basic sensations involved in creating experience.
periodic table of the mind
a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.
analytic introspection
analytic introspection required extensive training because the participants’ goal was to describe their experience in terms of elementary mental elements
true or false
true
Wundt made a substantial contribution to psychology by his commitment to study behavior and the mind under controlled conditions.
true or false
true
German psychologist ____ Ebbinghaus (1885/1913) of the University of ____
Hermann, Berlin
determining the nature of memory and forgetting – specifically, how rapidly information that is learned is lost over time.
Ebbinghaus
Ebbinghaus used a ___ method for measuring memory.
quantitative
he repeated lists of ___ nonsense syllables such as ___, ___, ___, and ___ to himself one at a 3me at a constant rate.
13
DAX, QEH, LUH, ZIF
He used nonsense syllables so that his memory would not be influenced by the meaning of a particular word.
true or false
true
Ebbinghaus’s objective is to determine number of ___ necessary to repeat list without errors.
repetition
Short break intervals = fewer
repetitions necessary to relearn list
true or false
true
Ebbinghaus used a measure called ____, to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay
savings
Savings =
(Original time to learn first) – (Time to relearn list after delay)
measure of the amount remembered, so he plotted this versus the time between initial learning and testing.
savings
forgetting occurs rapidly over the first ___ days and then occurs more slowly after that
2
one of the early American psychologists taught Harvard’s first psychology course and made significant observations about the mind in his textbook, Principles of Psychology (1890).
william james
Observations based on the functions of his own mind, not experiments.
true or false
true
there are no reliable result in wundt
true or false
true
became dissatisfied with the
method of analytic introspection.
watson
Watsons problem in analytic introspection
- produced extremely variable
results from person to person. - results were difficult to verify because they were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes.
Approach that Eliminate the mind as a topic of
study and study directly observable
behavior
behaviorism