MODULE 4 Flashcards

1
Q

groundwater table

A

surface at which pore pressure, u, is zero

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2
Q

phreatic surface

A

another name for the surface along which pore pressure is zero (term commonly used when analysing 2-D ground water flow using flownets)

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3
Q

phreatic zone

A

zone of soil below groundwater table in which the soil is fully saturated and the pore pressures positive

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4
Q

capillary zone

A

depending on soil grain size distribution, there may be a capillary zone of fully saturated soil above the groundwater table in which the pore pressure is negative.

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5
Q

unsaturated zone

A

zone of partially saturated soil (above capillary zone) in which voids are filled with both air and water

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6
Q

aquifer

A

stratum that can transmit large quantities of groundwater (typically gravels and sands or fractured rock)

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7
Q

aquiclude

A

a stratum that is virtually impermeable (typically clays and very fine silts)

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8
Q

aquitard

A

stratum that is somewhat impermeable and delays water seepage (typically sandy silts or similar)

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9
Q

unconfined aquifer

A

water-bearing stratum with an impermeable bottom flow boundary but upper flow boundary is free to reach its own level
- water flows with ease => if more water arrives groundwater table rises accordingly

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10
Q

confined aquifer

A

both upper and lower boundaries are impermeable, but water flows with ease through the aquifer

  • artesian then water would overflow in a well from ground level due to high pore pressure
  • sub artesian then piezometric level is below ground level
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11
Q

total head key concept

A

it is a difference in TOTAL HEAD that causes water to flow from one location to another, not a difference in pore pressure

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12
Q

total head

A

h(tot) = h + z

- z measured from arbitrary datum

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13
Q

soil permeability

A

k = K * γ(f) / n(f)

  • K is intrinsic permeability of soil alone (m^2)
  • γ(f) is unit weight of fluid or permeant (kN/m^2)
  • n(f) is dynamic viscosity of fluid or permeant (kNs/m^2)
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14
Q

permeability factors

A

permeability depends on both soil matrix or structure (via intrinsic permeability K) and fluid properties (via γ(f) and n(f))

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15
Q

true seepage velocity

A

v(true) = v(D) / n = V(d) * (1 + e) / e

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16
Q

Lab Based Methods

A

Permeameter Testing

  1. Constant Head Permeameter: coarse grained soils
  2. Falling Head Permeameter: fine grained soils
17
Q

Field Based Methods

A

Well - Pumping

  1. Confined well-pumping test
  2. Unconfined well-pumping test
18
Q

k Flow parallel to laminations

A

k = ( d(1)k(1) + … + d(n)k(n) ) / ( d(1) + … + d(n) )

19
Q

k Flow perpendicular to laminations

A

k = ( d(1) + … + d(n) ) / ( d(1)/k(1) + … + d(n)/k(n) )

20
Q

soil fluidisation

A

upward seepage of water (if flow strong enough) causing pore pressure to be greater than the stress due to the weight of the soil
- critical value of hydraulic gradient, i(crit), for fluidisation to occur

21
Q

i(crit)

A

i(crit) = ∆h(crit) / z = ( γ - γ(w) ) / γ(w)

22
Q

equipotential line

A

line representing constant head

- no velocity along an equipotential

23
Q

flowline

A

flow path of a particle of water - parallel to direction of flow at every location along their length

24
Q

flow net

A

graphical representation of a flow field

- flowlines and equipotentials must cross at right angles

25
seepage stress
stress imposed on a soil as water flows through it
26
analysing flow paths
take a 2D slice or section - adequate to analyse in 2D in situations where geometry of construction is long compared to its width such as dams and embankments, excavations, slopes and cuttings
27
SUMMARY of flownet rules
- boundary conditions must be satisfied - flowlines must intersect equipotential lines at right angles - cells between flowlines and equipotentials must be curvilinear squares - quantity of flow through each flow channel is constant - head loss between each consecutive equipotential is positive - flowline cannot intersect another flowline - equipotential cannot intersect another equipotential
28
impermeable boundaries
flowlines
29
permeable boundaries
equipotential lines
30
Unconfined Flownet
only one position is correct as a condition of the top flowline is that equipotentials are forced to start at equal intervals of vertical height
31
Steps for Unconfined Flownet
1. Draw top flowline 2. Mark equipotential intersections 3. Sketch flowlines and equipotentials 4, Adjust to obtain curvilinear squares 5. Label equipotentials with their heads (top flow line h = z as u = 0 )
32
How to Draw Flownets for Anisotropic Soil
1. Draw structure and soil mass to suitable scale 2, Redraw system by scaling the horizontal x-distance by: α = sqrt( k(z) / k(x) ) 3. Use transformed system to identify impermeable/permeable boundaries as usual 4. Proceed as usual to construct flow net 5. for calculating flow must use permeability of transformed system: k(t) = sqrt ( k(x) * k(z) ) q(t) = k(t) H N(f) / N(h)
33
Factor of Safety
F = i(crit) / i