Module 4

Question 1

What are the three groups of GBD?

Answer 1

Group 1: Communicable / Perinatal and Maternal
Group 2: Noncommunicable
Group 3: Injury

Question 2

What 5 key data inputs are needed to estimate the burden of disease in DALYs?

Answer 2

YLL:
Number of deaths in population
When those deaths occurred
YLD:
Incidence of cases with their outcomes
Average duration of outcomes
Disability weight (for the likely outcomes)

Question 3

DALYs are ranked by

Answer 3

1 = death
0 = perfect life
0 - 1 =Disability

Question 4

DALYS are better than crude data because

Answer 4

They let you know how many lives have been lost

The damage of the disability on quality of life

Question 5

What are the trends of the 3 groups of disease

Answer 5

Group 1 is going down

Groups 2 & 3 are going up

Question 6

What risk factor transitions contribute to changes in disease proportions

Answer 6

1990:
Childhood underweight
Household air pollution
Tobacco
High blood pressure
Suboptimal breastfeeding

Changed to

2010
High OB
Tobacco
H/Hould air pollution
Low fruit diet
Alcohol use

Question 7

What is demographic change?

Answer 7

Decling in fertility and mortality ratesWha

Question 8

What is epidemiological transition?

Answer 8

Characterisitc shifts in condtions causing death and disability were the previously dominant communicable diseases dealing and non-communicable diseases become more common

Question 9

What is Risk transition?

Answer 9

Changes in risks factor profiles as …

Question 10

What are the determinants of Health?

Answer 10

1. Differential accès to health care and risk factors
   2.
   3.Differenti

Question 11

What are the recommendations of WHO?

Answer 11

Improve Daily living conditions

Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources

Question 12

What are two major challenges of the DALY approach to disability?

Answer 12

1. Stigma in defining disabled people as a burden

2. Disability weights are considered the same as the severity of an impairment, they do not consider environment.

Question 13

What is the medical model of disability?

Answer 13

According to this model, disabled people are defined by their illness or medical condition, and disability is regarded as an individual problem. The model promotes the idea is dependent and needs to be cured or cared for. It is considered to systemically exclude disabled people from society. The solution is on the shoulder of the medical establishments.

Question 14

What is the social model of disability?

Answer 14

Is no longer seen as individual but a social issue, caused by policies, practices, attitudes and the environment. It is focused on removing barriers for disabled people.

Question 15

What has been the trend of NCD between 1990 - 2010?

Answer 15

NCD going up while others decrease

Question 16

How is NCD dispersed between developed and developing countries?

Answer 16

80% are in developing countries

Question 17

How have risk factors been identified?

Answer 17

Cohort studies, Case-control studies

Question 18

What roll do corporations have on NCD?

Answer 18

A HUGE fucking amount

Question 19

How do downstream factors influence smoking…?

Answer 19

They may be increasing the inequality gap!

Question 20

What are the key epidemiological features of HIV?

Answer 20

Infected people living longer
High proportion of HIV+ people are unaware
Is really multiple epidemics
95% are in LMI countries
Heterosexual transmission

Question 21

What are the main modes of disease transmission?

Answer 21

Homosexual men
Sex workers
Drug injectors
Women
Mother to child

Question 22

What is meant by feminisation?

Answer 22

Increasing proportions of new infections are among women, primarily due to heterosexual transmission. 60% in Africa are women.
HIV is leading cause of death for women
Experience of violence is three times related to HIV infection
Women are likely to face barriers

Question 23

Why is antenatal screening important?

Answer 23

90% of children with HIV is from Mother to Child, during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Children with HIV have often lost their parents.
The risk is greatly reduced with prenatal HIV Anto-Retroviral drugs
91% of pregnant mothers are in Africa

Question 24

What are the main opportunities for intervention?

Answer 24

Safer sex
Safer products
Increase access to healthcare
Reduce descrimination

Question 25

What percent of men who engage in homosexual sex are infected in NZ?

Answer 25

6.5%

Question 26

What is the inverse care law?

Answer 26

The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.

Question 27

What warms the earth?

Answer 27

…