Module 4 Flashcards
What are the three groups of GBD?
Group 1: Communicable / Perinatal and Maternal
Group 2: Noncommunicable
Group 3: Injury
What 5 key data inputs are needed to estimate the burden of disease in DALYs?
YLL: Number of deaths in population When those deaths occurred YLD: Incidence of cases with their outcomes Average duration of outcomes Disability weight (for the likely outcomes)
DALYs are ranked by
1 = death
0 = perfect life
0 - 1 =Disability
DALYS are better than crude data because
They let you know how many lives have been lost
The damage of the disability on quality of life
What are the trends of the 3 groups of disease
Group 1 is going down
Groups 2 & 3 are going up
What risk factor transitions contribute to changes in disease proportions
1990: Childhood underweight Household air pollution Tobacco High blood pressure Suboptimal breastfeeding
Changed to
2010 High OB Tobacco H/Hould air pollution Low fruit diet Alcohol use
What is demographic change?
Decling in fertility and mortality ratesWha
What is epidemiological transition?
Characterisitc shifts in condtions causing death and disability were the previously dominant communicable diseases dealing and non-communicable diseases become more common
What is Risk transition?
Changes in risks factor profiles as …
What are the determinants of Health?
- Differential accès to health care and risk factors
2.
3.Differenti
What are the recommendations of WHO?
Improve Daily living conditions
Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources
What are two major challenges of the DALY approach to disability?
- Stigma in defining disabled people as a burden
2. Disability weights are considered the same as the severity of an impairment, they do not consider environment.
What is the medical model of disability?
According to this model, disabled people are defined by their illness or medical condition, and disability is regarded as an individual problem. The model promotes the idea is dependent and needs to be cured or cared for. It is considered to systemically exclude disabled people from society. The solution is on the shoulder of the medical establishments.
What is the social model of disability?
Is no longer seen as individual but a social issue, caused by policies, practices, attitudes and the environment. It is focused on removing barriers for disabled people.
What has been the trend of NCD between 1990 - 2010?
NCD going up while others decrease
How is NCD dispersed between developed and developing countries?
80% are in developing countries
How have risk factors been identified?
Cohort studies, Case-control studies
What roll do corporations have on NCD?
A HUGE fucking amount
How do downstream factors influence smoking…?
They may be increasing the inequality gap!
What are the key epidemiological features of HIV?
Infected people living longer High proportion of HIV+ people are unaware Is really multiple epidemics 95% are in LMI countries Heterosexual transmission
What are the main modes of disease transmission?
Homosexual men Sex workers Drug injectors Women Mother to child
What is meant by feminisation?
Increasing proportions of new infections are among women, primarily due to heterosexual transmission. 60% in Africa are women.
HIV is leading cause of death for women
Experience of violence is three times related to HIV infection
Women are likely to face barriers
Why is antenatal screening important?
90% of children with HIV is from Mother to Child, during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Children with HIV have often lost their parents.
The risk is greatly reduced with prenatal HIV Anto-Retroviral drugs
91% of pregnant mothers are in Africa
What are the main opportunities for intervention?
Safer sex
Safer products
Increase access to healthcare
Reduce descrimination
What percent of men who engage in homosexual sex are infected in NZ?
6.5%
What is the inverse care law?
The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.
What warms the earth?
…
