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Population Health 111 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

Module 1

1
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of people who share one or more common features

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2
Q

What is the narrow definition of health?

A

The absence of death, disease or disability

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3
Q

What is the broad definition of health?

A

The capacity to do what matters most to you

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4
Q

What are the 5 parts of the Gate frame?

A 
P-opulation
E-xposure
C-omparison
O-utcomes
T-ime
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5
Q

What are the formulae for occurence?

A

O/EG & O/CG

EGO & CGO

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6
Q

What is a Cohort study?

A

A cohort of people who are allocated into groups by measuring exposures and followed over time.

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7
Q

What is ‘incidence measuring’?

A

When disease events are counted as they occur over a period of time.

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8
Q

What is ‘prevalence measuring’?

A

When people with a disease are counted at one point in time.

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9
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of incidence?

A

+ Determined only by the disease risk in a population (clean)
+ Measures include event, population and time
- Can be difficult to measure

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10
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of prevalence?

A

+ Relatively easy to count

  • Do not include time as a measure
  • Determined by incidence AND cure/death rate
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11
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When an occurrence of disease is clearly in excess of normal and spreading quickly.

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12
Q

When is it better to measure period prevalence rather than point prevalence?

A

When the disease events occur regularly but not continuously. e.g. asthma attacks

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13
Q

Why can period prevalence be better than incidence measurement?

A

Because it can take account of things that are hard to measure over time due to practicality, cost and interpretation of disease event. i.e. asthma

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14
Q

What is an example of a disease where prevalence is a better measure than incidence?

A

Obesity

Asthma

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15
Q

What is a RCT?

A

Following a group of participants over time when they have been allocated into groups randomly

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16
Q

What is Risk Difference?

A

Comparing disease frequencies to measure the ASSOCIATION between EG and CG.
Absolute Risk
(EGO - CGO)

17
Q

What is Risk Ratio?

A

Comparing the disease occurrence of EG relative to CG
Relative Risk
(EGO / CGO)

18
Q

What are the differences between RR and RD?

A

Risk difference has units

Risk ratio doesn’t have units

19
Q

What is a Relative Risk Reduction?

A

The change in relative risk, when RR is

20
Q

What is Relative Risk Increase?

A

The change in relative risk, when RR is > 1.

21
Q

Why can Risk Ratio be misleading?

A

Because the benefit of treatment is very dependent on the risk of disease before the treatment has started.

22
Q

What provides more information RR or RD?

A

Risk differences because they take into account the number of people.
.67 of nothing is nothing!

23
Q

What is considered a valid study?

A

A study with little random or non-random error.

24
Q

What does RAMboMAN stand for?

A 
Recruitment
Allocation - (Adjustment)
Maintenance
blind
objective
Measurement
ANalyses
25
Q

What is a non-random error in recruitment?

A

The participants studied are not representative of the population in question.
e.g. self-report bias, selection bias, response rates, population/setting defined

26
Q

What is a non-random error in allocation/adjustment?

A

When allocation puts participants into incorrect groups.

e.g. dishonesty, poor questionnaire, non-random allocation in RCT, confounding factors not addressed.

27
Q

How do you adjust for confounding variables?

A

Stratify the study into sub-studies.

28
Q

What is a non-random error in maintenance?

A

When participants leave the comparison group for the exposure group during the study.
When participants are lost-to-follow-up.

29
Q

What is a non-random error in blind or objective measurement?

A

Subjective measurements.

30
Q

What is ‘regression to the mean’?

A

Studies with extreme results will usually give less extreme results with repetition.

31
Q

What is random error?

A

The unavoidable error in measurement due to the complexity, movement and random nature of biology.

32
Q

What reduces random error?

A

Increasing the sample size

33
Q

What is a 95% confidence interval?

A

In 100 identical studies using samples from the same population, 95 of the 95%CIs will include the true value of the population.

Population Health 111 (2 decks)

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