module 4 Flashcards
empirical formula
smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
molecular formula
total number of atoms of each element in a molecule
displayed formula
shows the relative positioning of all the atoms I a molecule and the bonds between them
structural formula
gives the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
skeletal formula
a representation of molecular structure in which covalent bonds are shown as lines
homologous series
series of organic compounds having the same functional group and similar chemical properties
general formula
simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
isomers
molecules that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
chain isomers
have different length carbon chains
positional isomers
have the additional atom attached to different carbons
functional group isomers
same molecular formula but different functional groups
sigma bond
overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms
homolytic fission
a covalent bond breaks and each atom retains one of the shared pair of electrons
free radical
species with an unpaired electron
initiation
free radicals produced
propagation
free radicals used up and more are created
termination
2 free radicals react to produce products
stereoisomerism
compounds with the same molecular and structural formulae but a different arrangement in space
e/z isomerism
a type of stereo isomerism that occurs in alkenes because there is no rotation around the double bond
electrophile
electron pair acceptor
heterolytic fission
a covalent bond breaks and one of the atoms keeps both of the shared pair of electrons
markownikoff’s rule
the hydrogen adds to the c carbon with the most hydrogens already attached
polymer
long chain molecules made by joining together many monomer units
