Module 4

Question 1

Can be illustrated in two important ways:
} Distance of contacts from an origin
} Frequency of contacts at a particular distance from the origin

Answer 1

Propensity for Interaction

Question 2

Cartographic portrayals of the consequences of interaction propensities

Answer 2

Flow Maps

Question 3

Movement is ____?

Answer 3

Purposive

Question 4

____ made on the basis of preferences and prejudices

Answer 4

Prejudgments

Question 5

_____ result in patterns of place avoidance and place preference

Answer 5

Personal Images of Reality

Question 6

_____ is most conveniently accomplished with a map

Answer 6

Space Searching

Question 7

} Subjective image that is an integral part of our consciousness
} Information is not standardized
} No conventional signs or symbols
} Scale is highly distorted

Answer 7

Mental Maps

Question 8

Psychological representations of places

Answer 8

Cognitive Images

Question 9

The Real World -> _____ -> _____ -> ______ ->______?

Answer 9

• Information (Senses)
• Perception (Brain and Personality)
• Cognition (Culture)
• Recall (Transformed Cognitive Image)

Question 10

} Known land/known world
} ____ affect the accuracy of knowledge

Answer 10

Terra Cognita, Distance Decay

Question 11

• Status of cartography degenerated
• Latitudes, longitudes, astronomical measurements and projections were
  forgotten

Answer 11

Roman Era

Question 12

§ Theological considerations influenced space perception
§ Holy Land occupied and enormous area, paradise is located at the top of the map

Answer 12

Middle Ages

Question 13

_____ are often not portrayed cartographically

Answer 13

Subjective Image

Question 14

Studied individual’s perceptions of geographic space

Answer 14

Peter Gould

Question 15

_____ made by individuals are related to the differential
evaluations they place upon various portions of their potential action space

Answer 15

Locational Decisions

Question 16

} Subjective image are often not portrayed cartographically
} Peter Gould: Studied individual’s perceptions of geographic space
§ Locational decisions made by individuals are related to the differential
evaluations they place upon various portions of their potential action space
} Preferred area is the home region itself
} Steady decline in perceived desirability
} New Mexico gets an unusually low ratings in contrast to its neighboring states
} Implications for workers/immigrants

Answer 16

Nations and Regions

Question 17

} Image of the city (Kevin Lynch)
} Well-travelled paths contribute to the formation of city images
} Some areas are deemphasized or ignored
} Not all city streets are perceived as paths even though they are usable for city travel

Answer 17

The City

Question 18

} Area which contains the majority of destinations of a particular individual
} Subspace within the mental map
} Frequently tends to be discontinuous

Answer 18

Action Space

Question 19

Determinants of the dimensions of Action Space:

Answer 19

Locational pattern of potential destinations
Time constraints
Cost Constraints

Question 20

Regardless of the dimension of the action space, intensity of contacts ____ with distance from the home base

Answer 20

Decrease

Question 21

§ Two individuals belonging to the same socioeconomic rank but to two contrasting
cultural groups may be expected to have interaction propensities
§ Differences in location of contacts and action spaces

Answer 21

Cultural Variations in Action Spaces

Question 22

§ Opted for the nearest available source for low order convenience activities
§ Highly selective in their choice of destinations for high-order services
§ interaction propensities are not always motivated by the desire to minimize
distance or the cost of overcoming it

Answer 22

French Canadians and English Canadians

Question 23

} Study of movement patterns of the individual at the metropolitan, nation and world
level is a physical impossibility
} Adequate generalizations cannot result from the study of the travel behavior of
specific individuals
} Preferred approach is to search for regularities in human behavior

Answer 23

Empirical Regularities in the Propensity for Interaction

Question 24

Action Space and the Role of Distance:

Answer 24

• Distance Decay Functions
• Tobler’s First Law / Distance Decay:
  
  • Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than
    distant things.

Question 25

} Can be compared to a field around a magnet
} Reach of a magnetic field is a direct function of the power of the magnet
} Individual contact fields are also direct functions of their force or gravitational pull

Answer 25

Action Space

Question 26

} Single individuals are molecules
} Groups are aggregates of molecules
} Behavior of any particular individual particle may be unpredictable

Answer 26

Social Physics

Question 27

} Physical behavior is subject to random disturbances
} Occurrence of an event can only be predicted in probabilistic terms
} Considering large aggregates greatly diminishes the possibility of errors

Answer 27

Browmian Motion

Question 28

} Human beings are considered in groups
} Unlike molecules, humans are decision-making units who are not subject to natural
forces in the same manner that physical matter is
} Modal individual

Answer 28

Macrogeography

Question 29

} Sociological masses exert gravitational force
} Force declines with increasing distance between the masses
} Mass is considered to be greater than the sum of its parts

Answer 29

Social Physics

Question 30

} Developing nations
} Cost factor play a significant role in less developed countries
} Locational system reflects the most important mode of movement
} Short distance movement
} Aggregate distance movement

Answer 30

Behavioral Departures

Question 31

} Most widely used deterministic model
} Used to predict the degree of interaction between places
} Derived from Newton’s Law of Gravity
} The distance between two points and the size of their populations (mass) provide a
high level of statistical explanation for the volumes of flows.
} Population stands as a surrogate measure for demand and subsumes the impact of
many other factors.
} An adequate point of departure in modeling spatial flows is an adaptation to human
phenomena of ____ in physics of form

Answer 31

The Gravity Model

Question 32

} We are surrounded by bodies of various sizes, and some of these are provided with
satellites, each having its local center of attraction, by means of which its parts are
held together
} ____ were treated as centers of absorption, and volumes of migratory
movement were shown to decrease with increasing distance between a given origin
and destination.

Answer 32

Carey (1858, 42-43) Principles of Social Science, Destinations

Question 33

} Points out that the first attempt to use Carey’s concept in an operational context was
in a study of migration flows between English cities (Ravenstein, 1885).

Answer 33

Carrothers (1956)

Question 34

A ____ and a ____ were incorporated into a study of
farm population migrations in the United States (Young, 1924)
§ No multiplication of masses, squaring of the distance is tantamount to
weighting its impact

Answer 34

Proportionality Factor, Distance Component

Question 35

Variation of the ____ was used to delineate the trade areas of two competing
masses by estimating the volume of trade generated by the inhabitants of the
intervening space (Reilly, 1929, 1931)

Answer 35

Gravity Model

Question 36

The ____ between these two adjacent trade centers identified
a location at which an individual is indifferent about which center he or she will
patronize.

Answer 36

Point of Equilibrium

Question 37

____ and ____ were the first to revert to the early formulation of Carey
with a direct analogy between physical and social interaction

Answer 37

Stewart (1941), Zipf (1949)

Question 38

• Extensive review of the gravity and potential models and
• synthesized a large amount of material available up to that time.
• Drawing from the works of Carroll and Bevis(1950), Dodd(1950), Ikie(1954), they
  derived the gravity model

Answer 38

Isard Et Al. (1960)

Question 39

o Air, rail, bus and auto traffic volumes (Alcaly, 1967)
o Test the effect of aggregation on the results yielded by the model
o The model is a macroscopic and inclusive, therefore, it’s powerful in describing
and predicting mas behavior of spatial interaction.

Answer 39

Modeling Multimodal Passenger Flows

Question 40

Used to study the inhibiting influences of political boundaries upon spatial
interaction (Mackay, 1958)

Answer 40

Modeling Communication Flows

Question 41

§ remarkable ability to mirror observed patterns of interaction
§ simple to compute and easy to understand intuitively
§ remarkable ability to describe and predict (although not explain) spatial
interaction
§ less satisfactory when mass is disaggregated
§ subject to different interpretations

Answer 41

Model Builder’s Viewpoint

Question 42

§ perfect symmetry between explanation and prediction
§ absence of theory means no basis of discrimination among alternative
interpretations
§ gravity models are deterministic

Answer 42

Philosopher of Science’s Viewpoint

Question 43

Underlying theory that can be associated with the gravity
model

Answer 43

Theory of Least Effort

Question 44

The Gravity Model is ____ & no conceptual justification

Answer 44

Deterministic