Module 4 Flashcards
The small stomach of horse holds only how many gallons?
2 to 5 gallons (8–20 L)
The cow’s rumen capacity
15 to 30 gallons (57–114 L)
where do horses breakdown its roughage?
Cecum
the horse “fermentation vat” that does much the same job as a cow’s rumen
horse hindgut
measurement of horse cecum and colon
4-foot-long (1 m) cecum
12-foot-long (4 m) colon.
Combined capacity of colon and cecum
25 gallons (95 L)
Causes colic in horse
Parasite
It has a large population of microorganisms (bacteria and protozoa) that ferment the fiber in plant materials.
Large intestine
Is dependent on the efficiency of microbial fermentation in the cecum and colon.
Fiber digestion
helps regulate the flow of nutrients in the digestive tract and guards against behavioral problems related to boredom.
Dietary fiber
provides the horse with carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water in sufficient quantities to maintain life and allow it to do work, reproduce or grow depending on the particular demands at the time.
Balance ration
The nutrient demands of the horse will depend on such factors:
(BCWAAHREM)
1. bodyweight
2. condition
3. work level
4. appetite
5. age
6. health
7. reproductive status
8. environment
9. management
Several methods of determining bodyweight:
- weighbridge
- tape measure and calculator
- weigh-tape
- table of weights.
Several rules have been developed to ensure good feeding practice:
(EFMFFKMF)
1. ensure clean fresh water is always available
2. feed little and often
3. make any changes gradually
4. feed only good-quality dust-free feed
5. feed plenty of plant fiber/forage
6. keep feed utensils clean
7. maintain regular feeding times
8. feed according to work done, condition and temperament.
Traditional diets for horses included what?
hay, oats and bran
Factors should be taken into account when deciding on a ration:
cost
individual nutrient requirements of the horse
nutrient content of feed
availability
quality
Two main categories feed for horses
forage
concentrate
falls in between the forage and concentrate as it contains readily digestible fiber.
.
Beef pulp
is the most accurate, but few horse owners have access to this piece of equipment.
Weighbridge
An equation has been produced that gives the bodyweight based on the horse’s heart girth and length from point of shoulder to the point of buttock:
Bodyweight (kg) = heart girth (cm)2 x length (cm)/8717
or
Bodyweight (lb.) = heart girth (in)2length (in)/241
are also available which use the horse’s heart girth measurement to give an approximate bodyweight. These are quite useful in measuring weight loss and/or gain if used consistently.
Weight tapes
two factors must be taken into account to make a successful ration
nutrient requirement of the horse
nutrient value of the feed
can be measured in a laboratory using many different analytical procedures.
Nutrient value of feed
contains a large proportion of water and therefore has a low dry matter value
grass
contain little moisture and have a higher dry matter value
cereals such as oats and barley
provide the energy needed for all cell processes and basic functions such as breathing and the beating of the heart. They also provide energy for muscle contraction.
Carbohydrates
two group of carbohydrates
soluble carbohydrates or non-structural
insoluble carbohydrates or structural
starch and sugar is what type od carbohydrates?
Soluble or non-structural
cellulose and hemicellulose is what type of carbohydrates?
Insoluble or structural
contains more fiber, which is still an excellent slow-release energy source for horses.
Hay
are simply metric calories.
Joules
refers to the amount of energy in the feed, which is actually digested for use by the horse. Some will be wasted.
Digestible energy
hard-working horses are given high fat rations also Fat has been used for some time to supplement diets of endurance horses with much success. true or false?
True
contains two and a quarter-times more energy than carbohydrate.
Fats
is an important structural component of all animal tissues also the greatest in the young horse, as it is still growing.
Protein
how many amino acids occurs naturally?
20 amino acid
most important amino acids
lysine, methionine and tryptophan
is most likely to be deficient in the horse’s diet, particularly when a cereal or ‘straight’ ration is being fed and the horse has limited grazing.
Lysine
are a group of chemical compounds that are vital for life. They are required in minute quantities
for the normal healthy functioning of the horse.
Vitamins
two groups of vitamins
fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)
water soluble vitamins ( B and C complex)
vitamins can be stored in the body, particularly the liver.
Fat soluble vitamins
If too many water -soluble vitamins are fed then toxicity may result TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
horses are able to meet their mineral needs by selectively grazing and roaming over huge areas of land with different soil types.
FERAL horses
vitamins can be made by the microorganisms in the horse’s gut.
Water soluble vitamins
are inorganic substances found throughout the horse’s body and are essential for health and
development.
.
Minerals
how many minerals are known to be essential in the horse’s diet?
21 minerals
Some minerals that are required in larger amounts
macro-minerals, or major minerals
Minerals those required in concentrations below 50 mg/kg
trace elements or trace minerals.
Factors affecting the amount of minerals available in grains and forage
soil deficiencies
mineral interactions
poor availability
should be fed free choice.
Salt
should be fed free choice, separate from the salt.
.
Calcium and phosphorous
are common sources of calcium and phosphorus.
Ground limestone
Steamed bone meal
Defluorinated phosphate
Young horses’ ratio of calcium and phosphorous
1.1 parts calcium to 1-part phosphorus
Older horses’ ratio of calcium and phosphorus in their diet.
6:1 6 parts calcium to 1-part phosphorus
How many gallons do horses drink every day?
10 to 12 gallons (37.8 to 45.4 liters)
Water is required for many different life functions such as:
.
-temperature regulation
• medium in which chemical reactions can take place
• solvent in which substances may be dissolved and transported
• gives cells their shape
• excretion in the form of urine
• milk.
the main criterion is the size of the animal: bigger animals needs more food.
To feed for maintenance
The main criterion is the amount of production required
to feed for production
Production rations are mostly based on what?
cereals or high digestible fiber and oil.
