Module 4 Flashcards
1
Q
actin
A
protein found especially in thin filament (as those comprising myofibrils) and active in muscular contraction
2
Q
myosin
A
protein found in muscle tissue as a thick filament (as those comprising myofibrils) and active in muscular contraction
3
Q
osteoarthritis
A
degenerative joint disease, cartilage breaks down
4
Q
endoskeleton
A
internal support structure
5
Q
osteoporosis
A
bone becomes less dense, losing calcium
6
Q
exoskeleton
A
most common type, internal muscles pull against the exoskeleton enabling the animal to move
7
Q
rheumatoid arthritis
A
inflammation of the joint membranes in the hands and feet
7
Q
fermentation
A
occur when normal, oxygen-using (aerobic) cellular respiration is not possible. Consist of glycolysis
8
Q
rigor mortis
A
stiffening of body after death, caused by lack of ATP, myosin cross bridges cannot release from actin
9
Q
growth plate
A
growth becomes concentrated near the ends of the long bones in thin disks of cartilage
10
Q
sprain
A
stretched or torn ligament
11
Q
scoliosis
A
sideways curvature of the spine (S shape), disorder of axial skeleton
12
Q
hydrostatic skeleton
A
flexible and consists of a constrained fluid
13
Q
joint
A
area where two bones meet
14
Q
tendon
A
tough bands of connective tissue that attach bone to muscle
15
Q
ligament
A
tough bands of connective tissue that attach bone to bone
16
Q
neuromuscular junctions
A
where nerves and muscle fibers meet—is an essential synapse for muscle contraction and movement
17
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
18
Q
Where inside bone are blood cells produced?
A
Red Marrow
19
Q
Axial skeleton
A
located along the central axis of the body. It shields soft parts like the brain and sense organs
19
Q
What are some functions of calcium?
A
Makes bones hard, vital for muscle contraction, blood clotting, activity of enzymes, etc.
20
Q
Bones of the Axial skeleton
A
consists of bones of the head, vertebral column and rib cage.
21
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
consists of limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
22
Q
Bones of the upper limb
A
Pectoral girdle (the clavicle, scapula), humerus, radius, ulna and hand bones.
23
Bones of the lower limb
pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, feet bones
24
Name the vertebrae categories in descending order
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae
25
myofibrils
bundles of parallel protein filaments running the length of the cell
26
Proteins that comprise myofibrils
Thin filament (actin) and thick filament (myosin)
27
How do muscles cells make energy when there is lack of oxygen?
Fermentation
28
Slow twitch fibers
produce twitches of long duration, abundant mitochondria here supports endurance.
29
Fast twitch fibers
power quickly in short duration twitches, low density of mitochondria, tire quickly.
30
How do muscles contract?
Electrical signal in muscle is started. Myosin heads bind to actin filaments. ATP releases from actin and bind to exposed myosin. This provides energy for myosin to release from actin and be cocked again and go to the next actin molecule, further down.
31
masseter muscle
lifts the lower jaw to close the mouth and it is the strongest muscle in your body.
32
temporalis muscle
helps close the mouth.
33
triceps' primary function
extending the forearm at the elbow joint, which opposes the action of the flexors such as the biceps brachii.
34
Biceps brachii muscle
main muscle that pops out when flexing your arm.
35
Bone development and growth: Embryo
Bones in embryo originate as cartilage models.
36
Bone development and growth: fetus
As fetus grow, each model's matrix hardens with calcium salts
37
Bone development and growth: Fetus after birth
bone growth becomes concentrated near the ends of the long bones in thin disks of cartilage called growth plates.
38
Bone development and growth: Teenage/Adulthood
Bone tissue begins to replace the cartilage growth plates as a person goes into teenage and adult years. Bones are complete in adulthood but can be remodeled by exercise and weight lifting.
39
How do muscles and skeletons work together?
Muscles provide motion and skeleton provides firm supporting structure for muscles to pull against
40
vertebral column
supports and protects spinal cord, has 33 vertebrae, separated by cartilage disks that cushion shocks
41
Bone weight is reduced by the marrow cavity. What is it?
space occupying the center of the shaft
42
red bone marrow
makes red and white blood cells, plus platelets
43
yellow bone marrow
replaces red bone marrow in the marrow cavity
44
What does collagen do for bone?
Provides flexibility, elasticity, and strength
45
Where does the hardness of bones come from?
minerals like calcium and phosphate, these coat collagen fibers
46
Shaft of long bone consists mostly of...
compact bone overlying a layer of spongy bone
46
Bulbous tips contain what type of bone?
spongy bone
46
Compact bone tissue
dense type of bone tissue, its canals house blood vessels and nervous tissue
47
Spongy bone tissue
lighter due to web of bony struts enclosing large spaces filled with red marrow
48
Cartilage
main connective tissue in the skeleton, covers ends of bones; tough elastic protein
49
Even when bearing great weight, ________ resists breakage and stretching
cartilage
50
Why is cartilage a good shock absorber?
its protein network holds a lot of water
51
How does cartilage get nutrients, since it lacks blood supply?
water within cartilage cleanses the tissue and bathes it with dissolved nutrients from nearby blood vessels, slow to heal because of this
52
strain
injury to muscle or tendon
53
What is an ACL?
Anterior cruciate ligament, crisscross at the knee, connecting thighbone to shinbone
54
What controls the exchange of calcium between blood and bone?
hormones from thyroid and parathyroid glands
55
Sliding filament model
muscle cell contracts when thin filaments slide between thick ones
56
Why are skeletal muscles striated?
because of alternating arrangement of thick and thin filaments
57
Motor neuron
delivers the signal to contract at a specialized synapse between neuron and muscle cell
58
Each branch of the motor neuron's axon leads to...
a different muscle cell, one motor neuron can control multiple muscle cells
59
Motor unit
motor neuron and muscles
60
What disease interferes with neural signals stimulating muscle contractions?
Polio
61
________ is released when neurotransmitter releases from the synapse of a muscle cell, allows myosin head to bind to contract, sacromeres are free to contract
Calcium
62
Huge amounts of ______ are needed to break the connection between actin and myosin
ATP
63
What supplies gives high energy phosphates for ATP production for muscle cells?
creatine phosphate
64
What does a growth in muscle cell mean?
More mitochondria, more blood and glycogen supply
64
What causes increase in muscle mass?
growth of individual muscle cells, not increase in amount
65
aerobic respiration
process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food
66
carotid arteries
brings blood from heart to brain
67
murmur
abnormally functioning valve
68
agglutination
reaction in which red blood cells suspended in a liquid collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serological response to a specific antibody
69
cystic fibrosis
Creates abnormally thick mucus. This mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs
70
plasma
liquid matrix of blood, exchange water and dissolved substances with interstitial fluid, maintains homeostasis in cells
71
alveoli
ends of bronchioles, where gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
72
platelets
participate in blood clotting, come from cell fragments, attracts clotting factors when it gets stuck to leaks/cuts in body
73
anemia
condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy RBC's
74
defibrillator
devices that apply an electric charge or current to the heart to restore a normal heartbeat when a potentially fatal arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) is happening in your heart's lower chambers (ventricles)
75
diaphragm
major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.
76
sinoatrial node
aka pacemaker, region of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the upper wall of the right atrium, sets tempo of bpm. Each beat, cells of pacemaker fire stimulate the cardiac cells of atria to contract
77
diastolic pressure
lower number, when ventricles relax
77
aorta
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
78
sleep apnea
breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, which can result in low levels of oxygen
79
arrhythmia
problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat. Your heart may beat too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular rhythm
80
emphysema
lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged.
superior vena cava: receives blood from areas above the diaphragm
81
arterioles
small arteries
82
EPO
produced by the kidney, stimulates red blood cell production
83
systolic pressure
upper number, powerful contraction of ventricles
84
atherosclerosis
thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
85
hemoglobin
pigment in RBC's, carries oxygen
85
valve
parts of your heart that act like doors. They open and close to let blood flow from one area of your heart to another. Prevent the backward flow of blood
86
atrium
the two upper chambers which pump blood to the two lower ventricles.
87
inferior vena cava
receives blood from areas below the diaphragm
88
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels that occurs when smooth muscle in arteriole walls contracts, diameter decreases, BP rises
89
bicarbonate
been routinely used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cardiac arrest to correct metabolic acidosis
90
interstitial fluid
Fluid found in the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries (the smallest type of blood vessel). It helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove waste products from them.
91
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels that occurs when the same muscles relax
92
blood pressure
force that blood exerts on vessel walls
93
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart, one on the right and one on the left. The ventricles receive blood from the heart's upper chambers (atria) and pump it to the rest of the body.
94
leukocytes
WBC's, manages immune responses
95
capillary
They deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing carbon dioxide to be eliminated from the lungs. Connects venules and arterioles
96
Largest veins of the body
Jugular Vein, Superior Vena Cava, pulmonary veins, heart, inferior vena cava, femoral vein
97
Jugular Vein
head to heart
97
femoral vein
receives blood from thigh to inner knee
98
largest artery of the body
common carotid artery, aorta, pulmonary arteries, brachial artery, renal artery, abdominal aorta, femoral artery
99
common carotid artery
main blood supply to the head and neck
100
abdominal aorta
blood to lower extremities
101
femoral artery
blood from thigh to inner knee
102
Arteries that supply the heart tissue itself
The coronary arteries are major blood vessels in your body, supplying blood to your heart.
103
Pulmonary artery
has oxygen poor blood from right atrium, goes to lungs where blood picks up O2 and unloads CO2
104
Pulmonary veins
carry oxygen rich blood from lungs to left atrium of heart, completing pulmonary circuit.
105
Heart blood flow
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, then pumps this blood out to your body
106
Where is the heart’s pacemaker located
Located in the upper wall of the right atrium
107
Oxygen transport in the blood
Oxygen is carried both physically dissolved in the blood and chemically combined to hemoglobin. RBC's transport 99% of O2, rest dissolved in plasma (1%).
107
Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
To carry CO2, enzymes in RBC's convert it to bicarbonate ions that diffuse into plasma (water used for conversion).
107
How does an artificial pacemaker work to help the heart?
Artificial pacemakers help the heart beat in a regular rhythm, treats arrhythmias
108
tissue layers and structure of arteries and veins
Arteries have thick layer of smooth muscle, withstands the high pressure surges of blood leaving the heart. Veins have absent or reduced smooth muscle layers, this is why they collapse when empty
109
What makes capillaries special?
Capillary walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, so nutrients and gases easily diffuse into and out of capillaries and around interstitial fluid
110
Blood pressure
the force that blood exerts on vessel walls
111
What measures BP
Sphygomomanometer measures BP in the artery of the upper arm
112
Vasoconstriction and BP
Vasoconstriction makes BP rise
113
Vasodilation and BP
Vasodilation makes BP fall.
114
How does the brain regulate BP?
When BP is high or low, signals are sent to the medulla, where it either constricts or widens diameter of arterioles.
115
Upper respiratory system
has the nose, pharynx, and larynx. It provides a passage for air to be breathed in and out of the lungs, also heats, humidifies and filters the air and is involved in cough, swallowing and speech. Keeps lungs moist.
116
How does the brain regulate breathing rate?
During exercise, cells dump CO2 into blood, decreasing blood pH. Brain detects change in pH and increases breathing rate, releases excess CO2 and enters O2. Inverse is also true, if blood pH rises, the brain detects this and decreases breathing rate, keeping more CO2.
117
The lower respiratory system
consists of the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli, which make up the lungs. These structures pull in air from the upper respiratory system, absorb the oxygen, and release carbon dioxide in exchange.
118
acid reflux
gastric juices emerge through stomach sphincter and burns esophagus
119
epiglottis
covers trachea so food enters GI tract
120
pellagra
Deficiency of Niacin, B3. It is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disturbance
121
active transport
movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient, requires energy
122
esophagus
organ that food travels through to reach the stomach for further digestion
123
ADH
aka vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone, triggers reabsorption of water, urine becomes concentrated
123
pepsin
enzyme in stomach that digests proteins
124
rickets
deficiency of vitamin D. Characterized by bowed legs and skeletal deformities
124
gallbladder
stores bile, triggered by release of chyme into small intestine
125
peristalsis
rhythmic moving of GI tract
126
amylase
made in pancreas, digests starch
127
aldosterone
released by adrenal gland, regulates BP, causes volume of blood to go up, which makes BP rise
128
rumen
the first stomach of a ruminant, which receives food or cud from the esophagus, partly digests it with the aid of bacteria, and passes it to the reticulum
129
appendix
vestigial hollow tube that is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents
129
kidney stones
hard, pebble-like pieces of material that form in one or both of your kidneys when high levels of certain minerals are in your urine
130
scurvy
deficiency of vitamin C. Characterized by gum bleeding
130
microvilli
The cells on the villi are packed full of tiny hairlike structures
131
bile
digests fat, made by liver, stored by gallbladder
132
lipase
a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids
133
stomach
muscular bag that receives food from esophagus
134
urea
A substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and into the urine.
135
diuretic
type of drug that causes the kidneys to make more urine; used to treat high blood pressure and edema
135
cecum
start of large intestine, absorption of large volumes of water and electrolytes, connects to ascending colon
136
ureter
urine drains from kidneys to here, connects it to bladder
137
villi
The folds form numerous tiny projections which stick out into the open space inside your small intestine (or lumen), absorb nutrients
138
celiac disease
immune response to gluten that attacks the small intestine.
139
urethra
tube that connects bladder with outside body
140
urinary bladder
saclike muscular organ that stores urine
141
nephron
the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. They are the microscopic structure composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
142
osmoregulation
maintenance by an organism of an internal balance between water and dissolved materials
143
chyme
made in stomach, mix of gastric juice and food
144
dialysis
procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly.
145
BMI Healthy
19-25
146
Which 2 hormones help with the reabsorption of more water and increase blood pressure?
ADH and Aldosterone
146
What bacteria is associated with gastric ulcers and how does it survive in the stomach?
H. pylori causes gastric ulcers, survives by neutralizing stomach acid
147
BMI Obesity
More than 30
148
Aerobic respiration could not occur without...
ATP
148
Blood
connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments, suspended in extracellular matrix aka plasma
149
Plasma contains...
clotting proteins
150
How long do RBC's stick around, and where do they go?
120 days, ends up in spleen to be recycled
151
pulmonary circulation
blood gets O2, releases CO2 into lungs and returns to heart (heart, lungs, heart)
152
systematic circulation
blood circulates through the rest of the body to unload O2 and pick up CO2 before returning to heart (heart, body, heart)
153
During circulation, what veins bring blood to the right atrium?
superior and inferior vena cava
154
What sets the tempo of the bpm?
sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
155
AV (atrioventricular) node
causes ventricles to contract
156
systolic pressure
upper number of BP reading, reflects contraction of ventricles
157
larynx
Adam's apple, produces voice
157
diastolic pressure
lower number, when ventricles relax
158
trachea
aka windpipe, directly beneath larynx, held up by C-shaped rings of cartilage, branches into the two bronchi
158
What is the stomach's job?
Not much nutrient absorption, continues mechanical and chemical digestion of food
159
What is gastric juice?
in stomach, mixture of water, mucus, ions, HCL, and enzymes such as pepsin
160
bronchioles
little branches, lead to alveoli in the lungs as it keeps branching from bronchi
161
First part of small intestine?
duodenum
161
Most digestive enzymes come from...
pancreas
162
What breaks polypeptides into amino acid, made in pancreas?
trypsin and chymotrypsin
163
nucleases
split nucleic acids (DNA) into nucleotides
164
sodium bicarbonate, made in pancreas
neutralizes acid from stomach
165
Why is bile needed with lipase enzymes?
lipase enzymes are water soluble, bile disperses fat into tiny pockets suspended in water
166
Bile is made in the... and stores in the...
liver, gallbladder
167
When does gallbladder release bile?
when chyme enters s. intestine
168
What does the liver do?
detoxification, glycogen storage, storage of fat-soluble vitamins, and produce blood clotting proteins
169
Main functions of large intestine?
absorbs water and ions, eliminate waste materials as feces
170
What is feces made up of?
undigested fibers, bacteria, intestinal cells
171
Kidney jobs
eliminate urea/toxins, conserve water, ions, nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
172
Kidney and blood
regulates blood pH and volume of blood in the body (influences BP) by controlling water lost
173
Nephron blood flow
gets blood from renal artery and capillaries surround each nephron
174
renal vein
kidney capillaries converge here, carries cleanses blood out of kidney back to heart
175
Nephron filter
receives fluid from blood
176
Nephron tubule
filtered solution from nephron tubule, goes to outer portion of kidney
177
Where does fluid go after nephron?
collecting duct receives fluid from nephron, empties into the ureter, urinary bladder, then urethra
178
How does ADH affect nephron?
triggers reabsorption of more water at the nephron and collecting duct, urine becomes more concentrated as a result
179
How does diuretic and alcohol affect ADH?
reduces ADH secretion, decreases water absorption, intensifies thirst
180
How does aldosterone affect nephron tubule?
stimulates the production of sodium channels in the tubule, boosts reabsorption of sodium ions which water follows, increasing blood volume
