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BIO 182 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

actin

A

protein found especially in thin filament (as those comprising myofibrils) and active in muscular contraction

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2
Q

myosin

A

protein found in muscle tissue as a thick filament (as those comprising myofibrils) and active in muscular contraction

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3
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease, cartilage breaks down

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4
Q

endoskeleton

A

internal support structure

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5
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone becomes less dense, losing calcium

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6
Q

exoskeleton

A

most common type, internal muscles pull against the exoskeleton enabling the animal to move

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7
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

inflammation of the joint membranes in the hands and feet

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7
Q

fermentation

A

occur when normal, oxygen-using (aerobic) cellular respiration is not possible. Consist of glycolysis

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8
Q

rigor mortis

A

stiffening of body after death, caused by lack of ATP, myosin cross bridges cannot release from actin

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9
Q

growth plate

A

growth becomes concentrated near the ends of the long bones in thin disks of cartilage

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10
Q

sprain

A

stretched or torn ligament

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11
Q

scoliosis

A

sideways curvature of the spine (S shape), disorder of axial skeleton

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12
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

flexible and consists of a constrained fluid

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13
Q

joint

A

area where two bones meet

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14
Q

tendon

A

tough bands of connective tissue that attach bone to muscle

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15
Q

ligament

A

tough bands of connective tissue that attach bone to bone

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16
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

where nerves and muscle fibers meet—is an essential synapse for muscle contraction and movement

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17
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
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18
Q

Where inside bone are blood cells produced?

A

Red Marrow

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19
Q

Axial skeleton

A

located along the central axis of the body. It shields soft parts like the brain and sense organs

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19
Q

What are some functions of calcium?

A

Makes bones hard, vital for muscle contraction, blood clotting, activity of enzymes, etc.

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20
Q

Bones of the Axial skeleton

A

consists of bones of the head, vertebral column and rib cage.

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21
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

consists of limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

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22
Q

Bones of the upper limb

A

Pectoral girdle (the clavicle, scapula), humerus, radius, ulna and hand bones.

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23
Q

Bones of the lower limb

A

pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, feet bones

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24
Q

Name the vertebrae categories in descending order

A

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae

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25
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of parallel protein filaments running the length of the cell

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26
Q

Proteins that comprise myofibrils

A

Thin filament (actin) and thick filament (myosin)

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27
Q

How do muscles cells make energy when there is lack of oxygen?

A

Fermentation

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28
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

produce twitches of long duration, abundant mitochondria here supports endurance.

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29
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

power quickly in short duration twitches, low density of mitochondria, tire quickly.

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30
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

Electrical signal in muscle is started. Myosin heads bind to actin filaments. ATP releases from actin and bind to exposed myosin. This provides energy for myosin to release from actin and be cocked again and go to the next actin molecule, further down.

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31
Q

masseter muscle

A

lifts the lower jaw to close the mouth and it is the strongest muscle in your body.

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32
Q

temporalis muscle

A

helps close the mouth.

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33
Q

triceps’ primary function

A

extending the forearm at the elbow joint, which opposes the action of the flexors such as the biceps brachii.

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34
Q

Biceps brachii muscle

A

main muscle that pops out when flexing your arm.

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35
Q

Bone development and growth: Embryo

A

Bones in embryo originate as cartilage models.

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36
Q

Bone development and growth: fetus

A

As fetus grow, each model’s matrix hardens with calcium salts

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37
Q

Bone development and growth: Fetus after birth

A

bone growth becomes concentrated near the ends of the long bones in thin disks of cartilage called growth plates.

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38
Q

Bone development and growth: Teenage/Adulthood

A

Bone tissue begins to replace the cartilage growth plates as a person goes into teenage and adult years. Bones are complete in adulthood but can be remodeled by exercise and weight lifting.

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39
Q

How do muscles and skeletons work together?

A

Muscles provide motion and skeleton provides firm supporting structure for muscles to pull against

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40
Q

vertebral column

A

supports and protects spinal cord, has 33 vertebrae, separated by cartilage disks that cushion shocks

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41
Q

Bone weight is reduced by the marrow cavity. What is it?

A

space occupying the center of the shaft

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42
Q

red bone marrow

A

makes red and white blood cells, plus platelets

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43
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

replaces red bone marrow in the marrow cavity

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44
Q

What does collagen do for bone?

A

Provides flexibility, elasticity, and strength

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45
Q

Where does the hardness of bones come from?

A

minerals like calcium and phosphate, these coat collagen fibers

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46
Q

Shaft of long bone consists mostly of…

A

compact bone overlying a layer of spongy bone

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46
Q

Bulbous tips contain what type of bone?

A

spongy bone

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46
Q

Compact bone tissue

A

dense type of bone tissue, its canals house blood vessels and nervous tissue

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47
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

lighter due to web of bony struts enclosing large spaces filled with red marrow

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48
Q

Cartilage

A

main connective tissue in the skeleton, covers ends of bones; tough elastic protein

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49
Q

Even when bearing great weight, ________ resists breakage and stretching

A

cartilage

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50
Q

Why is cartilage a good shock absorber?

A

its protein network holds a lot of water

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51
Q

How does cartilage get nutrients, since it lacks blood supply?

A

water within cartilage cleanses the tissue and bathes it with dissolved nutrients from nearby blood vessels, slow to heal because of this

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52
Q

strain

A

injury to muscle or tendon

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53
Q

What is an ACL?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament, crisscross at the knee, connecting thighbone to shinbone

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54
Q

What controls the exchange of calcium between blood and bone?

A

hormones from thyroid and parathyroid glands

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55
Q

Sliding filament model

A

muscle cell contracts when thin filaments slide between thick ones

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56
Q

Why are skeletal muscles striated?

A

because of alternating arrangement of thick and thin filaments

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57
Q

Motor neuron

A

delivers the signal to contract at a specialized synapse between neuron and muscle cell

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58
Q

Each branch of the motor neuron’s axon leads to…

A

a different muscle cell, one motor neuron can control multiple muscle cells

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59
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and muscles

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60
Q

What disease interferes with neural signals stimulating muscle contractions?

A

Polio

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61
Q

________ is released when neurotransmitter releases from the synapse of a muscle cell, allows myosin head to bind to contract, sacromeres are free to contract

A

Calcium

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62
Q

Huge amounts of ______ are needed to break the connection between actin and myosin

A

ATP

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63
Q

What supplies gives high energy phosphates for ATP production for muscle cells?

A

creatine phosphate

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64
Q

What does a growth in muscle cell mean?

A

More mitochondria, more blood and glycogen supply

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64
Q

What causes increase in muscle mass?

A

growth of individual muscle cells, not increase in amount

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65
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

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66
Q

carotid arteries

A

brings blood from heart to brain

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67
Q

murmur

A

abnormally functioning valve

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68
Q

agglutination

A

reaction in which red blood cells suspended in a liquid collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serological response to a specific antibody

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69
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

Creates abnormally thick mucus. This mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs

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70
Q

plasma

A

liquid matrix of blood, exchange water and dissolved substances with interstitial fluid, maintains homeostasis in cells

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71
Q

alveoli

A

ends of bronchioles, where gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs

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72
Q

platelets

A

participate in blood clotting, come from cell fragments, attracts clotting factors when it gets stuck to leaks/cuts in body

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73
Q

anemia

A

condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy RBC’s

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74
Q

defibrillator

A

devices that apply an electric charge or current to the heart to restore a normal heartbeat when a potentially fatal arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) is happening in your heart’s lower chambers (ventricles)

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75
Q

diaphragm

A

major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.

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76
Q

sinoatrial node

A

aka pacemaker, region of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the upper wall of the right atrium, sets tempo of bpm. Each beat, cells of pacemaker fire stimulate the cardiac cells of atria to contract

77
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lower number, when ventricles relax

77
Q

aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

78
Q

sleep apnea

A

breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, which can result in low levels of oxygen

79
Q

arrhythmia

A

problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat. Your heart may beat too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular rhythm

80
Q

emphysema

A

lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged.
superior vena cava: receives blood from areas above the diaphragm

81
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries

82
Q

EPO

A

produced by the kidney, stimulates red blood cell production

83
Q

systolic pressure

A

upper number, powerful contraction of ventricles

84
Q

atherosclerosis

A

thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

85
Q

hemoglobin

A

pigment in RBC’s, carries oxygen

85
Q

valve

A

parts of your heart that act like doors. They open and close to let blood flow from one area of your heart to another. Prevent the backward flow of blood

86
Q

atrium

A

the two upper chambers which pump blood to the two lower ventricles.

87
Q

inferior vena cava

A

receives blood from areas below the diaphragm

88
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels that occurs when smooth muscle in arteriole walls contracts, diameter decreases, BP rises

89
Q

bicarbonate

A

been routinely used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cardiac arrest to correct metabolic acidosis

90
Q

interstitial fluid

A

Fluid found in the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries (the smallest type of blood vessel). It helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove waste products from them.

91
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels that occurs when the same muscles relax

92
Q

blood pressure

A

force that blood exerts on vessel walls

93
Q

ventricles

A

the two lower chambers of the heart, one on the right and one on the left. The ventricles receive blood from the heart’s upper chambers (atria) and pump it to the rest of the body.

94
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC’s, manages immune responses

95
Q

capillary

A

They deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing carbon dioxide to be eliminated from the lungs. Connects venules and arterioles

96
Q

Largest veins of the body

A

Jugular Vein, Superior Vena Cava, pulmonary veins, heart, inferior vena cava, femoral vein

97
Q

Jugular Vein

A

head to heart

97
Q

femoral vein

A

receives blood from thigh to inner knee

98
Q

largest artery of the body

A

common carotid artery, aorta, pulmonary arteries, brachial artery, renal artery, abdominal aorta, femoral artery

99
Q

common carotid artery

A

main blood supply to the head and neck

100
Q

abdominal aorta

A

blood to lower extremities

101
Q

femoral artery

A

blood from thigh to inner knee

102
Q

Arteries that supply the heart tissue itself

A

The coronary arteries are major blood vessels in your body, supplying blood to your heart.

103
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

has oxygen poor blood from right atrium, goes to lungs where blood picks up O2 and unloads CO2

104
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygen rich blood from lungs to left atrium of heart, completing pulmonary circuit.

105
Q

Heart blood flow

A

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, then pumps this blood out to your body

106
Q

Where is the heart’s pacemaker located

A

Located in the upper wall of the right atrium

107
Q

Oxygen transport in the blood

A

Oxygen is carried both physically dissolved in the blood and chemically combined to hemoglobin. RBC’s transport 99% of O2, rest dissolved in plasma (1%).

107
Q

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

A

To carry CO2, enzymes in RBC’s convert it to bicarbonate ions that diffuse into plasma (water used for conversion).

107
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work to help the heart?

A

Artificial pacemakers help the heart beat in a regular rhythm, treats arrhythmias

108
Q

tissue layers and structure of arteries and veins

A

Arteries have thick layer of smooth muscle, withstands the high pressure surges of blood leaving the heart. Veins have absent or reduced smooth muscle layers, this is why they collapse when empty

109
Q

What makes capillaries special?

A

Capillary walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, so nutrients and gases easily diffuse into and out of capillaries and around interstitial fluid

110
Q

Blood pressure

A

the force that blood exerts on vessel walls

111
Q

What measures BP

A

Sphygomomanometer measures BP in the artery of the upper arm

112
Q

Vasoconstriction and BP

A

Vasoconstriction makes BP rise

113
Q

Vasodilation and BP

A

Vasodilation makes BP fall.

114
Q

How does the brain regulate BP?

A

When BP is high or low, signals are sent to the medulla, where it either constricts or widens diameter of arterioles.

115
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

has the nose, pharynx, and larynx. It provides a passage for air to be breathed in and out of the lungs, also heats, humidifies and filters the air and is involved in cough, swallowing and speech. Keeps lungs moist.

116
Q

How does the brain regulate breathing rate?

A

During exercise, cells dump CO2 into blood, decreasing blood pH. Brain detects change in pH and increases breathing rate, releases excess CO2 and enters O2. Inverse is also true, if blood pH rises, the brain detects this and decreases breathing rate, keeping more CO2.

117
Q

The lower respiratory system

A

consists of the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli, which make up the lungs. These structures pull in air from the upper respiratory system, absorb the oxygen, and release carbon dioxide in exchange.

118
Q

acid reflux

A

gastric juices emerge through stomach sphincter and burns esophagus

119
Q

epiglottis

A

covers trachea so food enters GI tract

120
Q

pellagra

A

Deficiency of Niacin, B3. It is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disturbance

121
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient, requires energy

122
Q

esophagus

A

organ that food travels through to reach the stomach for further digestion

123
Q

ADH

A

aka vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone, triggers reabsorption of water, urine becomes concentrated

123
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme in stomach that digests proteins

124
Q

rickets

A

deficiency of vitamin D. Characterized by bowed legs and skeletal deformities

124
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile, triggered by release of chyme into small intestine

125
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic moving of GI tract

126
Q

amylase

A

made in pancreas, digests starch

127
Q

aldosterone

A

released by adrenal gland, regulates BP, causes volume of blood to go up, which makes BP rise

128
Q

rumen

A

the first stomach of a ruminant, which receives food or cud from the esophagus, partly digests it with the aid of bacteria, and passes it to the reticulum

129
Q

appendix

A

vestigial hollow tube that is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents

129
Q

kidney stones

A

hard, pebble-like pieces of material that form in one or both of your kidneys when high levels of certain minerals are in your urine

130
Q

scurvy

A

deficiency of vitamin C. Characterized by gum bleeding

130
Q

microvilli

A

The cells on the villi are packed full of tiny hairlike structures

131
Q

bile

A

digests fat, made by liver, stored by gallbladder

132
Q

lipase

A

a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids

133
Q

stomach

A

muscular bag that receives food from esophagus

134
Q

urea

A

A substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and into the urine.

135
Q

diuretic

A

type of drug that causes the kidneys to make more urine; used to treat high blood pressure and edema

135
Q

cecum

A

start of large intestine, absorption of large volumes of water and electrolytes, connects to ascending colon

136
Q

ureter

A

urine drains from kidneys to here, connects it to bladder

137
Q

villi

A

The folds form numerous tiny projections which stick out into the open space inside your small intestine (or lumen), absorb nutrients

138
Q

celiac disease

A

immune response to gluten that attacks the small intestine.

139
Q

urethra

A

tube that connects bladder with outside body

140
Q

urinary bladder

A

saclike muscular organ that stores urine

141
Q

nephron

A

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. They are the microscopic structure composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

142
Q

osmoregulation

A

maintenance by an organism of an internal balance between water and dissolved materials

143
Q

chyme

A

made in stomach, mix of gastric juice and food

144
Q

dialysis

A

procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly.

145
Q

BMI Healthy

A

19-25

146
Q

Which 2 hormones help with the reabsorption of more water and increase blood pressure?

A

ADH and Aldosterone

146
Q

What bacteria is associated with gastric ulcers and how does it survive in the stomach?

A

H. pylori causes gastric ulcers, survives by neutralizing stomach acid

147
Q

BMI Obesity

A

More than 30

148
Q

Aerobic respiration could not occur without…

A

ATP

148
Q

Blood

A

connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments, suspended in extracellular matrix aka plasma

149
Q

Plasma contains…

A

clotting proteins

150
Q

How long do RBC’s stick around, and where do they go?

A

120 days, ends up in spleen to be recycled

151
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood gets O2, releases CO2 into lungs and returns to heart (heart, lungs, heart)

152
Q

systematic circulation

A

blood circulates through the rest of the body to unload O2 and pick up CO2 before returning to heart (heart, body, heart)

153
Q

During circulation, what veins bring blood to the right atrium?

A

superior and inferior vena cava

154
Q

What sets the tempo of the bpm?

A

sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

155
Q

AV (atrioventricular) node

A

causes ventricles to contract

156
Q

systolic pressure

A

upper number of BP reading, reflects contraction of ventricles

157
Q

larynx

A

Adam’s apple, produces voice

157
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lower number, when ventricles relax

158
Q

trachea

A

aka windpipe, directly beneath larynx, held up by C-shaped rings of cartilage, branches into the two bronchi

158
Q

What is the stomach’s job?

A

Not much nutrient absorption, continues mechanical and chemical digestion of food

159
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

in stomach, mixture of water, mucus, ions, HCL, and enzymes such as pepsin

160
Q

bronchioles

A

little branches, lead to alveoli in the lungs as it keeps branching from bronchi

161
Q

First part of small intestine?

A

duodenum

161
Q

Most digestive enzymes come from…

A

pancreas

162
Q

What breaks polypeptides into amino acid, made in pancreas?

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

163
Q

nucleases

A

split nucleic acids (DNA) into nucleotides

164
Q

sodium bicarbonate, made in pancreas

A

neutralizes acid from stomach

165
Q

Why is bile needed with lipase enzymes?

A

lipase enzymes are water soluble, bile disperses fat into tiny pockets suspended in water

166
Q

Bile is made in the… and stores in the…

A

liver, gallbladder

167
Q

When does gallbladder release bile?

A

when chyme enters s. intestine

168
Q

What does the liver do?

A

detoxification, glycogen storage, storage of fat-soluble vitamins, and produce blood clotting proteins

169
Q

Main functions of large intestine?

A

absorbs water and ions, eliminate waste materials as feces

170
Q

What is feces made up of?

A

undigested fibers, bacteria, intestinal cells

171
Q

Kidney jobs

A

eliminate urea/toxins, conserve water, ions, nutrients (glucose, amino acids)

172
Q

Kidney and blood

A

regulates blood pH and volume of blood in the body (influences BP) by controlling water lost

173
Q

Nephron blood flow

A

gets blood from renal artery and capillaries surround each nephron

174
Q

renal vein

A

kidney capillaries converge here, carries cleanses blood out of kidney back to heart

175
Q

Nephron filter

A

receives fluid from blood

176
Q

Nephron tubule

A

filtered solution from nephron tubule, goes to outer portion of kidney

177
Q

Where does fluid go after nephron?

A

collecting duct receives fluid from nephron, empties into the ureter, urinary bladder, then urethra

178
Q

How does ADH affect nephron?

A

triggers reabsorption of more water at the nephron and collecting duct, urine becomes more concentrated as a result

179
Q

How does diuretic and alcohol affect ADH?

A

reduces ADH secretion, decreases water absorption, intensifies thirst

180
Q

How does aldosterone affect nephron tubule?

A

stimulates the production of sodium channels in the tubule, boosts reabsorption of sodium ions which water follows, increasing blood volume

BIO 182 (2 decks)

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